SWOT/PEST (LE) Analysis on Cadburys PLC

Introduction Cadbury is the brand of a reputable confectionary company with a diverse assortment of chocolates, gum and candy. The company’s kernel stretches back to 1824 when the company’s pioneer, John Cadbury opened a chocolate shop in Birmingham (Watson 6). Currently, the company is dominant in the chocolate business and boasts an extended global presence and influence. On May 7, 2008, the American beverage businesses sector and the confectionary sector completed their separation and Cadbury became Cadbury PLC.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on SWOT/PEST (LE) Analysis on Cadburys PLC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More SWOT Analysis Of Cadbury Plc SWOT analysis is a calculative strategic technique used in organizational planning to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a business project or the business as a whole. SWOT analysis entails the identification of targ ets of a project or a business venture. Once identified, the process in achieving the targets is examined together with the interior and peripheral influences that affect the process leading to favorable or unfavorable achievement of the target. In analyzing Cadbury PLC, it is imperative to study the organization’s performance against a similar scale to that of the competition (Leikin 3). The competitors in this case are other confectionary companies like Nestle which have over the years challenged Cadbury PLC. Strengths Of Cadbury Plc The first strength Cadbury PLC has is the advantage of numbers considering the organization has business units all over the world. The units are present in Britain, Ireland, Middle East, Africa, north and South America, Europe, Asia and the pacific (King 1). All the units have commercial inclinations as their principle driving force, but the units also do have supply chain and science and technology functions. The interior organization of Cadbu ry PLC creates room for four corporate functions in all the units. The functions are human resource corporate affairs, strategy, information technology, legal and secretariat. This kind of functional structure allows for the business units to focus on commercial programs while aiming at internal growth (Leikin 1). Cadbury PLC also has the advantage of having internationally well known and respected brand names. The goodwill of the brands generates approximately 50% of the organization’s revenue and this implies that the brand bears higher profitability than the confectionary collection. Weaknesses Of Cadbury Plc One of the organization’s unyielding weaknesses is the reliance on confectionary market for profitability. Other companies with a similar target market to that of Cadbury PLC for instance Nestle have more diverse products including but not limited to confectionary products, baby foods, and cereals among others (Leikin 1). Cadbury has also been mainly Europe ba sed for a long time and only recently diversified into massive consumer markets like America. In comparison, other confectionary companies of Cadbury PLC’s caliber have diversified their target markets and can be found in almost all major international consumer markets hence gaining leverage over Cadbury (Rosenfeld 9).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Opportunities The confectionary market is the fastest growing packed food market with a 5% p.a growth rate meaning Cadbury still has various unexploited markets like China, India and Russia where consumer wealth is increasing directly proportional to the population(Miller 16). There is also increased demand of confectionary products in such growing markets. The confectionary industry has over the recent years witnessed several successful mergers and acquisitions. Targeted acquisition will increase the market share and pr oduct diversification. There is an increased demand for healthier low calories snacks which could lead to new products for instance organic snacks, sugar free snacks or low fat confectionary products crating room for innovation (Miller 1). Threats There is a rising occurrence of obesity in both adults and children which has led to increased weight watching and need for healthy foods and lifestyle. The social changes in nutrition and lifestyle have definitely affected the demand of Cadbury products (Watson 1). Aggressive competition from other confectionary organizations in developed markets has led to possible price wars between the companies (Leikin 1). The global demand for cost reductions in environment, transport, energy and supply has threatened to incapacitate the operational structure of Cadbury PLC (Rosenfeld 4). Pest(le) Analysis Of Cadbury Plc In The U.K PEST (LE) analysis is the strategic analysis of the comprehensive peripheral conditions surrounding a business operation . Such conditions are normally above the control or influence of the business, but bear pivotal influence on the outcome of product development, business planning and strategy. They include: Political Conditions A number of MPs fear jobs will be lost if Cadbury shareholders accept an 11.5 billon pound offer from Kraft foods in a take over bid. Cadbury currently employ 2,500 individuals at its factory at Bourneville in Birmingham and a further 1200 in Herefordshire (King 11). The MPs further view the take over by Kraft as a threat to the creativity of Cadbury employees and innovation of the West Midlands. The MPs are not happy with the fact that Kraft has its base in Illinois meaning decisions will be made based on factors in Illinois not West Midlands (Rosenfeld 9). Such political interferences are likely to influence the public and elicit angry reactions from both the employees and members of the public (Watson 6). However, The Competition Act of 2000 stops interference by the gove rnment on the basis of public interest in cases such as this (Watson 3).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on SWOT/PEST (LE) Analysis on Cadburys PLC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economic Conditions Current economic conditions in the U.K are rife for successful operation of the confectionary industry. The global economic downturn is reversing and many companies are now able to secure resources and support production (Rosenfeld 5). Cadbury PLC was not that stable economically during the global recession and had to bid its shares in the international market. Kraft foods, a U.S based company proposed to take over Cadbury and offered a relatively high bid for it. Hence, even though the current economic conditions are stable, the preceding economic conditions were detrimental to Cadbury leading to massive debt eventually leading to the take over bid/ merger (Miller 16). Social Conditions There has been an exponential growth in the occurrences of obesity cases in the U.K as well as obesity related illnesses both in children and adults. Health and fitness experts in the U.K are warning that if society does not change their eating habits by the year 2025, one in three deaths will be weight related (Miller 8). Such observations have stirred sharp adjustments in the eating habits and lifestyles of the general public. Confectionary products are considered high in calories and the social attitude towards such products is changing meaning the public is more interested in organic foods and confectionaries are now being considered attributes to obesity. TechnologyAdvertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cadbury PLC considers technological advancement as one of the key pillars of the company’s success through out the years. The company has a graduate program that is supported by technical training and the aim of the program is to encourage innovation (King 15). The company has realized several new production and processing methods through this program, like the candy churner and the chocolate whip which are advanced inventions for higher and faster production (Miller 5). Cadbury still falls behind the competition as far as diversification is concerned because they lack cereal making machines as wells as baby food technology (Miller 10). Conclusion Cadbury Plc has been a stable and successful confectionary company since its establishment in the mid nineteenth century. A SWOT analysis of the company has helped identify some of the strong points Cadbury Plc capitalized on to perpetuate global expansion. A potent weakness has also been revealed and that is the late entry into the American market, one of the largest consumer markets in the world. The PESTLE analysis examines the performance Cadbury Plc in the U.K relative to its environment. The recent merger which has come to be known as a hostile take over by the U.S based Kraft foods generated a lot of controversy. However, it is clear from the analysis that Cadbury Plc was undergoing tough economic conditions and Kraft’s intervention was timely though the operation strategies of the two companies differ greatly. Works Cited King, Leo. Kraft to slash  £430m costs a year with Cadbury integration. June 2010. 17 Feb 2010, from: https://www.computerworlduk.com/it-vendors/kraft-to-slash-430m-costs-a-year-with-cadbury-integration-18868/2/ Leikin, Peter. â€Å"Kraft’s Bid to Buy Cadbury Means It’s Time We Stopped Selling Off U.K Plc†. May 2009.   Web. Miller, Hudson. Kraft Foods Bites Back and Questions Cadbury’s Long Term Targets. Jan 2009. 17 Feb 2010 from: https://www.pr oactiveinvestors.co.uk/ Rosenfeld, Irene. Kraft Foods Inc. (‘Kraft Foods’) Statement Regarding Cadbury Plc (‘Cadbury’) and Us Competition Clearance. Sept 2009. Web. Watson, Nick. â€Å"Cadbury, Kraft and the politics of making chocolate.† Dec 2010. 17 Feb 2010 from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/politics_show/regions/west_midlands/8468458.stm This report on SWOT/PEST (LE) Analysis on Cadburys PLC was written and submitted by user Eliseo Mcgowan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Fast Food Waste

Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Fast Food Waste Dear EarthTalk: What are the fast-food chains doing to cut back onor at least recyclethe huge amount of paper, plastic and foam they use daily? Are there any laws or regulations to force them to be good environmental citizens? Carol Endres, Stroud Township, PA Currently there are no federal laws or regulations in the U.S. specifically aimed at getting fast food chains to reduce, reuse or recycle their waste. Businesses of all kinds must always obey local laws pertaining to what must be recycled versus what can be discarded. And a small number of cities and towns have local laws specifically designed to force businesses to do the right thing, but they are few and far between. Voluntary Fast Food Waste Reduction Makes HeadlinesThere have been some strides in the fast food business with regard to packaging materials and waste reduction, but it has all been voluntary and usually under pressure from green groups. McDonald’s made headlines back in 1989 when, at the urging of environmentalists, it switched its hamburger packaging from non-recyclable Styrofoam to recyclable paper wraps and cardboard boxes. The company also replaced its bleached paper carryout bags with unbleached bags and made other green-friendly packaging advances. Some Fast Food Chains Offer Vague Policies on Waste ReductionBoth McDonald’s and PepsiCo (owner of KFC and Taco Bell) have crafted internal policies to address environmental concerns. PepsiCo states that it encourages â€Å"conservation of natural resources, recycling, source reduction and pollution control to ensure cleaner air and water and to reduce landfill wastes,† but does not elaborate on specific actions it takes. McDonald’s makes similar general statements and claims to be â€Å"actively pursuing the conversion of used cooking oil into biofuels for transportation vehicles, heating, and other purposes,† and pursuing various in-store paper, cardboard, delivery container and pallet recycling programs in Australia, Sweden, Japan and Britain. In Canada the company claims to be the â€Å"largest user of recycled paper in our industry† for trays, boxes, carry out bags and drink holders. Fast Food Recycling Programs Can Reduce Waste and Save MoneySome smaller fast food chains have garnered accolades for their recycling efforts. Arizona-based eegee’s, for instance, earned an Administrator’s Award from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for recycling all paper, cardboard and polystyrene across its 21-store chain. Besides the positive attention it has generated, the company’s recycling effort also saves it money in garbage disposal fees every month. A Few Communities Require Fast Food Waste RecyclingDespite such efforts, though, the fast food industry is still a large generator of waste. Some communities are responding by passing local regulations requiring recycling where applicable. Seattle, Washington, for example, passed an ordinance in 2005 prohibiting businesses (all businesses, not just restaurants) from disposing of recyclable paper or cardboard, though violators only pay a nominal $50 fine. Taiwan Takes a Hard Line on Fast Food WastePerhaps policymakers in the U.S. and elsewhere could take a lead from Taiwan, which since 2004 has required its 600 fast-food restaurants, including McDonald’s, Burger King and KFC, to maintain facilities for proper disposal of recyclables by customers. Diners are obliged to deposit their garbage in four separate containers for leftover food, recyclable paper, regular waste and liquids. â€Å"Customers only have to spend under a minute to finish the trash-classification assignment,† said environmental protection administrator Hau Lung-bin in announcing the program. Restaurants that don’t comply face fines of up to $8,700 (U.S.). GOT AN ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTION? Send it to: EarthTalk, c/o E/The Environmental Magazine, P.O. Box 5098, Westport, CT 06881; submit it at: www.emagazine.com/earthtalk/thisweek/, or e-mail: earthtalkemagazine.com. EarthTalk is a regular feature of E/The Environmental Magazine. Selected EarthTalk columns are reprinted on About Environmental Issues by permission of the editors of E.

Organizational Communicating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Communicating - Essay Example A participatory environment builds higher performance and motivation, which relies on the leader understanding concepts related to decoding messages for the receiver in a way that fits their psychological needs for self-esteem development. When presenting ideas in speech format, use of appropriate visuals allows for more interaction with the audience and avoids distraction from the topics being discussed. The key is to remain focused on individuals with constant eye contact to ensure that what is being presented is understood and will be considered valuable information by the receiving audience. This is true in an environment with a high political protocol system or one with more liberal, group-focused philosophy. This paper describes the nature of organizational communications and the role of a competent leader in delivering masterful discussions that fit the organizational culture principles that guide it. Communication styles vary depending on the structure which guides decision-making in the organization. In vertical structures, decision-making is top down, requiring a more formalized method of communications at the managerial level. However, a more progressive organization requires an informal, transformational style in a system that regards workers are more than just business components, but as integral and valued members of the environment. This is the common structure that guides most human resource-oriented organizations today. Communications in this type of horizontal hierarchy should include developmental elements that promote honesty, integrity and methods to build morale. This begins with modeling behaviors that build vision and establishing trust. â€Å"Participation leads to better performance and, thus, improves morale† (Ashcraft, 2004, p.2). In a horizontal hierarchy, there should be a communications style that

Mauritania Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mauritania - Research Paper Example There is 20% of population who live with less than US$1.25 a day in Mauritania. There are so many challenges and issues that Mauritania faces now, including slavery, human trafficking, female genital mutilation and child labour. Slavery is the most significant issue among these challenges. When going through the ancient history of Mauritania, one observes that the original inhabitants of Mauritania (Bafour) were basically farmers, and the first among the people of Sahara to reject their wandering lifestyle. With famines and draughts in Sahara, the people moved towards the south. The migration to West Africa mainly included the Central Saharans and also the people of Ghana, as the Moorish Islamic Warrior monks attacked and defeated the ancient Empire of Ghana. The Arabs subdued furious defiance from the local population with all their might. The thirty year war of Mauritania was in vain fighting against the Yemini Magil Arab invaders, who were under the direction of the Beni Hassan tr ibes. When taking into consideration the modern history, it is observed that imperial France conquered the provinces of the current region of Mauritania, bank of Senegal river and nearby regions during the late 19th century. Mauritania became a part of French West Africa from 1920 onwards, ever since the entry of Xavier Coppolani and his governance on the imperial mission. The French government took immediate actions and introduced as well as enforced laws that forbid slavery. However, Mauritania claimed independence in 1960 and Nouakchott, the capital city was established at the location of Ksar, a small colonial village. Despite the availability of natural resources, Mauritania has the lowest GDP rates among the nations of Africa. A majority of population depends on agriculture for their livelihood, even in the present time. Mauritania has widespread stock on iron core that accounts for about 50% of their total exports. Several copper and gold mining companies are now opening mine s in Mauritania. The first deepwater port in Mauritania was opened near Nouakchott in 1986. Drought and various economic issues resulted in the rise of foreign debt in recent years. The Mauritania government signed an agreement of World Bank- International Monetary Fund in March 1999, which has to some extent benefited the people of Mauritania. One of the natural resources available easily in the country is oil, however, harsh environment prove it difficult for them to make use of the resources. Description: In simple words, it can be said that peace, tolerance and prosperity are the major vision of the government of Mauritania. With the achievement of independence in Mauritania, industrialisation got a boost, which further led to the establishment of new investments. Maaouiya Ould Sidi Ahmed Taya came in to rule in the year of 1984. â€Å"A new constitution permitting multiple parties was established in 1992 and Colonel Ould Taya was re-elected, making Mauritania the first member of the Arab League to have elected a head of state by direct universal suffrage† (Mauritania 1). After 1997, Taya was re-elected as President when he gained 66.7 % vote in 2003. In West Africa, Mauritania is the only nation, which is governed by people who possess a nomadic heritage. The present government is focused on the assurance of growth of economy,

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 32

Analysis - Essay Example Last, but not the least, the third failure in materials can be identified as the corrosion fatigue which occurs in metals like iron most of the time. These failures have importance because avoiding them can reduce cost, manpower effort and energy. One of the common mistakes made in engineering work is employing material like iron in instances where there is a chance of corrosion. If as an engineer iron is used in structures which come in contact with water, then within years metal corrosion can takes place and structures like building and bridges can collapse. However, in such cases, the Swiss Cheese Model comes into play as it is used to gauge risk analysis in relevant engineering constructions. With this model, we can understand that corrosion in metal passing through corresponding holes in the layers of defences can cause active and latent failures. One of the failures which can be identified in Delatte’s reading is the stress corrosion in relevance to bridge collapse. If this failure is focused on then it can be characterized through one of the method described by Brosnan which is incompetence. According to (Brosnan 34 )â€Å" The correctness of engineering calculations represents only one part of the large scope of potential human error in construction work†. It means the engineering experts are misunderstanding the engineering principles and characteristics of system and materials in case of building

Pectinase Production Techniques

Pectinase Production Techniques PECTINASE PRODUCTION ABSTRACT Pectin is found naturally in many plants. Pectinase enzyme has ability to break down pectin. Pectinase production has varying important needs industrially. Hence the production of pectin is important. Pectinase production has developed with the help of genetic engineering and novel strains. Production of alkaline pectinase is more important industrially than the normal pectinase. INTRODUCTION Pectin is structural heteropolysaccharide having esterification to galacturonic acid [1]. It forms aÃŽ ±-1, 4 glycosidic bonds with arabinose, galactose, rhamnose and xylose [1]. It is found in higher plants in the primary cell wall containing different composition of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses and proteins of microfibril that are cross linked which forms the hard tissue structure shape [1]. Pectinase is breaking down of pectin substances by enzymes [1]. It can be divided into different types like pectin esterases, pectin hydrolases, protopectinase and pectin lyases [1]. It can also be divided into alkaline and acid pectinase [1]. Pectin production has become industrially important because of its variety of applications like papermaking, extraction of natural products, textile degumming, juice extraction and clarification and so on [1]. Pectin is observed in plants in middle lamella and primary cell wall. Pectin has a characteristic of gelation which can be divided into high and low methoxy gelation. In 1825 scientist Henri Braconnot first isolated pectin. PECTINASE PRODUCTION USING: GENETIC ENGINEERING The generation of alkaline pectinase through genetic engineering takes place as follows. The first step is the chromosomal DNA separation from a strain used for producing alkaline pectinase, primer designing, and use of PCR to obtain target gene recombinant plasmid construction, Bacillus Subtilis as means of expression, gene sequence measurement and comparative analysis [2, 7, and 8]. By using this method the enzyme activity of the engineered bacteria in the fermentation liquid increased 22 times compared to normal starting strain and the yield achieved was 330U/ml [2]. After optimizing various culture conditions, the enzymatic activity of genetically engineered bacteria is 758.7825U/ml which is 50 times better than using original strain from Luria Bertani fermented media [8]. NOVEL STRAIN Sometimes micro-organisms strain having unique characteristic are used for pectinase production for maximum growth example Aspergillus niger give rise to novel acid pectinase PEC 2 [1]. Consider the strain Penicillium verruculosum TS63-9 have a gene sequence ITSrRNA which makes it useful in production [3]. During fermentation crude enzyme liquid is obtained which is then applicable for production of tobacco [3]. In another case novel strain like Paenibacillus is used for the production of alkaline pectinase [4]. The production takes place in such a way that paenibacillus SJN-PL0602 is first inoculated in the fermentation broth to get initial system of which OD 600 is 0.05 -0.15 [4]. The main fermentation shake cultivation takes place in two phase; in first at 30 -370C for 8 -12 hrs and in second phase at 22 – 260 C for 36- 40 hrs [4]. Red algae or brown red algae were used for the production of ultra pectinase as clearing agents for wine and juices, sometimes ultrapectinase are also extracted from seaweed or waste liquor discharged from seaweed [6].Bacillus subtilis was used for alkaline pectinase production in paper making industry [7]. Pichia pastoris GS115 is also used for alkaline production [9]. Bacillus cereus is used for industrial production of pectinase [10]. UNIQUE PROTEIN For the production of alkaline pectinase a protein Pel N having unique amino acid sequence was used [5]. This protein has enzyme activity of 4590 – 4950 U/mg for degrading polygalacturonic acid, has better heat stability and heat preservation of 120 min at 450C gives 90% of relative heat stability [5]. The optimum temperature is 650 C and p H value of 9.8 [5]. ULTRA PECTINASE The production of ultra pectinase was done in order to replace pectinase and it is nonbiological [6]. Since pectinase is used as clarifying agent it was necessary to replace pectin on industrial scale [6]. The major advantage of ultra pectinase are the raw material are cheap, low investment, process takes place without heating, product output is higher, impurities are isolated, less moisture content is les and it takes place in less than 30 mins than the traditional method of 48 mins [6]. ALKALINE PECTINASE The general steps that are followed during the production of alkaline pectinase the bacterial strain are selected for selective breeding, these strains are cultured, fermentation takes place through shaking and the enzyme liquid preparation takes place [2, 7, and 8]. The production of alkaline pectinase has optimized the culture condition method and they are; the fermentation medium is optimized by taking a single fact experiment, the target strain is optimized by using methods of response surface to get strain of target, the culture condition in the medium is optimized so that the fermentation condition for the target strain is optimized [8]. In a same way nucleotide sequence of alkaline pectinase pel1685s is optimized, this is done by amplification using PCR, transformation and ligation of the pel168 gene [9]. Industrial production of pectinase also takes place in same way as production of alkaline pectinase for high enzyme activity [10]. It’s an advantage in for having high enzyme activity for industrial pectinase production; fermentation period is short, cost is low, time taken is short and stable [10]. APPLICATION OF PECTINASE PRODUCTION Pectin as an enzyme is used industrially for various application some of the specific areas are as follows: Papermaking pulping After pickling treatment the raw material is soaked with alkaline pectinase. The chemical extract prepared has favorable strength and property, after bleaching and chlorine treatment the plump has whiteness of 80-90%, there is 20-40% decrease in alkali consumption and the cost of production is also decreased 20% [7]. Degumming When pectin is used for fiber blast degumming there is about 80% waste reduced, the ration of the finished is about 65%, the ratio of fiber dispersion is 100%there is almost no fiber strength destruction, also the defect in gum ratio is low, the time taken for degumming is also less [10]. Juice making and clarification Pectin is normally found in most of the fruits. Pectin is used in juice clarification in the following way plant material to be provided, plant material need to be chopped and crushed into smaller pieces, taking this small piece and contacting it with pectinase with further clarifies the juice [11]. Also sometimes low temperature pectinase are generated for the production of apple juice. Penicillium aculeatum is used for the generation of low temperature pectinase with the help of shaddock peel powder which acts as a carbon source for clarification of fresh apple juice. The medium used for fermentation is as follows anhydrous CaCl2 0.01%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.2%, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate 0.2% , peptone 0.5-2% and shaddock peel powder 0.5-2% the p H of medium is maintained at 5.5. a clear apple juice is obtained with the help of fermentation condition like time taken is 75-147 hrs, the inoculums size is 2%, the temperature is maintained at 300 C, the speed of rotation at 3-30 rpm. In these conditions the pectinase of low temperature react with the apple juice at 100, 200 and 300 for 2 hrs to give clarified apple juice [12]. Processing of soybean Pectinase produced by organism bacillus is used in soybean production. The processes takes place in such a way that first the soaking of soybean in water takes place which is further steamed, cooled and allowed to react with pectinase. This is held for some time period agitated further for enzyme treatment. Now slurry is generated from that single cell of soybean is taken and dispersed and the pectinase is inactivated. It is further dried to get soybean powder [13]. CONCLUSION Different production methods of pectinase have been studied. The super or ultra pectinase production method for clearing agents in juices using seaweeds. The use of genetically engineered bacteria for the production of alkaline pectinase and the different optimization methods of culture conditions for the production. The nucleotide sequence used for the production of alkaline pectinase is also optimized. The applications of pectinase especially in the papermaking industry. The production of low temperature pectinase in juice clearing at low temperatures. Specific gene code, nucleotide and protein used for the production of pectinase are used for industrial production of alkaline pectinase.

The Exporters Pocketbook :: Business

<a href="http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknin's Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites I. The Export Transaction and its Documents The Transaction Finding a market for the goods (market research) Selecting the marketing channels Negotiations Pricing Distribution channels Order Contract Commercial Invoice Commercial Invoice must include (minimum): Payment Terms Mode of Payment Division of Costs Details of Carrier Details of Receiving Party Details of Buyer Other Details For best results use the ECE (Economic Commission for Europe) Standard Commercial Invoice Packing List must include (minimum): Contents of the Packaging (=of the shipment) If more than one package or outer and inner packing – all contents per each packing and per each package must be detailed separately Permits and Licenses Export licenses if needed Standards certificates Labeling Quality control certificates (highest is ISO, such as ISO-9002 or ISO-9000) Health and phytosanitary certificates Veterinary certificates Other permits, licenses and certificates Service Providers Marine Transport Air Transport Land Transport (lorry, train) Insurance Warehousing Banking and other Financial Services (factoring, forfeiting, etc.) Airway Bill of Lading (ABL) (More details later – see appendices for samples) Holder of ABL does not own goods Air Transport Contract not effected – but ABL proof of existence of such contract, including weight, measurements, number of packages and invoice. Marine Bill of Lading (MBL) Proof of receipt of goods in a certain condition Proof of existence of transport contract MBL facilitates the transfer of ownership Negotiable, transferable and assignable Subject to the Hague conditions and MUST INCLUDE: Name and address of sender Port of loading and Port of discharge Date of lading and place of issuance of bill of lading Name of vessel and number of voyage Identity marks of cargo Description of goods – number of packing units, weight, volume Condition of goods – statement of carrier (if not stated – the goods are in good condition) â€Å"Clean on Board† not â€Å"Foul† Types of Bills of Lading (BL) Shipped BL – Goods are on deck of ship Received for Shipment – Prior to loading onto ship Direct BL – From origin to destination, transshipment not allowed Ocean Through BL – In case of transit involving a few carriers. In such a case, each carrier imposes its own conditions on each leg of the voyage and for the limited duration it handles the cargo. Pure Through BL – First carrier must transport from port of loading to a mid-point and is responsible for damages to the goods.

Jerome K. Jerome “A Victim to One Hundred and Seven Fatal Maladies”

The text is written by an English writer and humorist Jerome K. Jerome, best known for the comic travelogue â€Å"Three Men in a Boat†. The story is about one young healthy men who thought he became â€Å"a victim to one hundred and seven fatal maladies†. The story is written by a humorist, that’s why it contains a lot of different funny moments and special stylistic devises. The first one we met already in the name of the story â€Å"A victim to one hundred and seven fatal maladies†. This phrase has an ironical tone. We understand that one man can’t have one hundred and seven fatal maladies at once.The title let us to understand that something will be wrong with the main character, but probably the author will just ridicule certain type of people. So, one man after reading some medical books decided that he had all of fatal diseases at once, and came to the doctor to tell about his trouble. The doctor said nothing but wrote a prescription, which he lped the patient to recover, despite it didn’t contain any medicaments. The story can be divided into 3 logical parts – story proper, climax and denouement.The story has no exposition, because it begins directly with activity of the main character, who was sitting in the library and reading a book about diseases. In the story proper we knew the whole information about the central character of the story. Generally, the text is built around such human character trait as hypochondria. The author chose an interesting way to describe this mental instability – the whole text is written with irony. We can feel it already in the beginning of the story: â€Å"I sat for a while frozen with horror; and than in despair I again turned over the pages.I came to typhoid fever – read the symptoms – discovered that I had typhoid fever – began to get interested in my case, and so started alphabetically†¦ and the only disease I had not got was housemaidâ €™s knee†. After these words we understand what kind of man is the main person and may be smb. found himself in it. It’s very funny to read about the man who thought he had all the diseases of the world, but honestly speaking if I was on his place I would be scary because of all these diseases.The main person impressed me because in spite of such number of diseases he didn’t cry, shout or go into hysteric, conversely he apples to himself with irony. We can feel it in his thoughts and statements: â€Å"I sat and thought what an interesting case I must be from a medical point of view. Students would have no need to â€Å"walk the hospitals† if they had me. I was a hospital in myself. All they need do would be to walk round me, and, after that, take their diploma† or during the conversation with the doctor â€Å"I will not take up your time, dear boy, with telling you what is the matter with me.Life is short and you might pass away before I had fi nished. But I will tell you what is not the matter with me. Everything else, however, I have got†. I think that hypochondria of the main personage is in a bad case, because he had not only all the symptoms of the diseases he had read in the book, but even thought up several complications. To describe this the author used antithesis: â€Å"I tried to examine myself. I felt my pulse. I could not at first feel any pulse at all.Then, all of sudden, it seemed to start off. I pulled out my watch and timed it. I made it a 100 and 47 to the minute. I tried to feel my heart. I could not feel my heart. It had stopped beating†. The climax of irony and self-irony of the story, I think, is in these 2 phrases – â€Å"I had walked into the reading-room a happy, healthy man. I crawled out a miserable wreck†. It’s very funny and very sad simultaneous, because we understand that the only disease this man had was his mental instability.And the main character itself un derstood that he was absolutely happy and healthy man before he read about the diseases, but after it he felt totally ill, even though he understood nothing in medicine and he could not determine if he had those symptoms or not. The denouement of the story comes gradually from the visiting of the doctor through the situation in the chemist’s up to recovery of the main person. The key role here played the doctor. He knew our personage for a long time and was his old chum, that is why he immediately understood what was going on and what was the matter with the patient.The doctor knew an approach to this person. He wrote such a funny prescription, because he knew that suspicious people like to treat themselves and he knew that the patient would follow each word he wrote in the prescription. And the focus succeeded – the man ate 1 pound beefsteak and drank 1 pint bear every 6 hours, made 1 ten-mile walk every morning, and took 1 bed at 11 every night, and, lo and behold, à ¢â‚¬â€œ â€Å"I followed the directions with the happy result that my life was preserved and is still going on†.Happy end ? So, the story is over, but I think it is the end only for one part of the whole story, I mean the story of the personage’s life. I think it is not the end, because the question is the difficult mental trouble and one funny prescription can’t solve this seriously problem. I think that man would be happy and healthy until he read one more book or article or watched a TV-show about a new fatal disease. People with such problems must consult not with subject matter experts but with mental specialists, and only in this case they will have chance to become really happy and healthy.

Essay on Week 1 Assignment

Essay on Week 1 Assignment Essay on Week 1 Assignment EMG4412 August 29, 2014 Captain Honor’s behavior does not fully fit my schema of an effective leader. After researching more information about the incident, I believe that Captain Honors thought that he was providing comedy and laughter to an otherwise rigid environment. He showed a weakness in his leadership by acting in this manner. I believe that he used poor judgment by showing the video. I don’t believe that he realized the perception that he was portraying to his crew. I am sure that he was trying to use this video as a means to express his point about allowing gay people into the military, but going about it this way was a childish way to do it. He had great influence on the men on his ship. How did he know that one of the men on his crew wasn’t gay or that they had gay friends or family? What kind of perception of him would they then have? He was their leader and should be leading by example. Good leaders take into account the perceptions of all of their employees and how they perceive the world through their social perceptions. Captain Honors also displayed a stereotype of gay people. His statement was that ALL gay people acted in the way he portrayed them in the video. He also believed that no one would be offended by the foul language and sexual displays. I watched the video and although I found it humorous, I would have been totally embarrassed to watch it with people I work with, especially if they had been in it. According to news reports, he had a good rapport with his crew and they backed him 100 percent and acknowledged it online. This shows how influential he was to his crew. He should have thought about the repercussions that would follow from doing this and the perception of how his employees would look at him in the future as well as his commanders’ perceptions of him. Captain Honors made a bad choice and when the video surfaced, lost his job and then his credibility with the Navy. References: BUMILLER, E. (2011, January 4). The New York Times. Retrieved from Aircraft Carrier Captain Is Removed Over His Role in Coarse Videos: nytimes.com/2011/01/05/us/05military.html?_r=0 Kinicki, A., & Fugate, M. (2012). Organizational Behavior, Key Concepts, Skills and Best Practices. New York: McGraw-Hill. YouTube Video. (2011, January 4). Retrieved from Captain Owen P. Honors Jr. ( The Greatest Comedy Sketch Ever) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CU8Yp2h_RVs EMG4412 Professor Curtis Curry August 30, 2014 According to the chapter opening case, qualities that are inherent to high-level executives such as Mark Zuckerberg are in line with the Big Five Personality Dimensions, including extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience. In the second sentence of the case, Zuckerberg’s father described him as â€Å"strong-minded† and â€Å"persistent† (Kinicki & Fugate, 2012). Throughout my life, my parents labeled me as â€Å"strong-willed† and â€Å"stubborn†. I always had an â€Å"I can do that† attitude. I disliked the idea that someone would tell me I couldn’t do something. When comparing myself to the portrayal of Zuckerberg in the case story, I find many similarities such as being socially awkward or disinterested. It is not that I am either, I just have

Same Sex Marriages essays

Same Sex Marriages essays A loving man and woman in a committed relationship can marry. Dogs, no matter what their relationship, are not allowed to marry. How should society treat gays and lesbians in committed relationships? As dogs or as humans? (religioustolerance.org 2). This is one opinion of many gays and lesbians out there who want to be treated like equals and be able to marry the women or men that they love with the same rights as the heterosexual couples in the US. President Bush wants a constitutional amendment prohibiting gays from marrying each other. Marriage between the same sex should be legalized because they are equal to heterosexual couples and should be treated so, and because President Bush is banning same sex marriages for the wrong reasons. Those opposed to same-sex marriages say marriage is a union that can only exist between a man and a woman. Therefore, enlarging and altering the definition of marriage in order to include same-sex partners discriminates against heterosexual marriage and the family. This deprives them of their social and legal recognition as the fundamental and irreplaceable basis of society. Moreover, same sex weddings threaten the institution of marriage and thus society. The same sex is tired of civil unions and wants to have a marriage and the rights that heterosexual couples receive. The reason the same sex cannot marry, according to Mr. Bush, is that it would damage an important social institution. Yet the reverse is surely true. Gays want to marry precisely because they see marriage as important: they want the symbolism that marriage brings, the extra sense of obligation and commitment, as well as the social recognition. Allowing gays to marry would, if anything, add to social stability, for it would increase the number of couples that take on real, rather then simply passing, commitments. The weakening of marriage has been heterosexuals doing, not gays for it is their in...

Psychology - Ethical Dissonance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychology - Ethical Dissonance - Essay Example Of course, in psychology, we have Leon Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance that says, â€Å"If a person holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent, he experiences dissonance: a negative state (not unlike hunger or thirst)† (Aronson 128). Elliot Aronson elaborated that Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance hold that the experience of dissonance is â€Å"unpleasant† and, thus, â€Å"the person will strive to reduce it----usually by struggling to find a way to change one or both cognitions to make them more consistent with one another† (128). According to Aronson, Festinger integrated the dynamic marriage between the cognitive and the motivational (128). Thus, given the Aronson review, it is just as viable to define ethical dissonance as the unpleasant experience of having two divergent ethical perspectives on the use of drugs that enhance or that claim to enhance physical and mental capacities. Following Aronson’s in terpretation on Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance, the ethical dissonance described to modify one or both ethical perspectives to make them consistent with one another because of discomfort. ... by where the individual has to struggle to modify one or both ethical perspectives within himself or herself to make his or her perspective consistent. Smith and others defined cognitive dissonance theory as a theory that â€Å"assumes that there is a drive toward cognitive consistency, meaning that two cognitions---or thoughts---that are inconsistent will produce discomfort, which will in turn motivate the person to remove the inconsistency and bring the cognitions into harmony† (Appendix G-3). Ethical perspectives, after all, are also types of cognition. My interpretation of the Gary Stix assertions on ethical dissonance is that there are three ethical perspectives on the use of drugs or medical treatments or procedures for boosting physical or mental capacities or enhancers (the focus of the Stix article was on the cognitive). The first ethical perspective holds that physical and cognitive enhancers are unnecessary, unfair, and that it is improper to use enhancers or employ medical procedures that would boost one’s physical or cognitive capacities except for such conditions like dementia, Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s patients. The premise for the first ethical perspective is not evidence but perspective. The ethical perspective assumes that enhancers do work. The assertion that the use of enhancers is unfair or that it is improper involves perception and not evidence. The second ethical perspective hold that enhancers or medical procedures that boost physical or cognitive capacities are similar to wearing eyeglasses and that we must dispense with the notion that drugs or medical procedures are only for illnesses. Related to this, Stix noted that an article from an influential journal in 2008 raised â€Å"the prospect of a shift away from the notion of drugs as a

Organisational Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 5

Organisational Change Management - Essay Example For organization or firm to achieve sustainable change it need to begin with clear understanding of the current state of the firm , then followed by implementation of appropriate and targeted strategies ( Capps & Hazen, 2002). Whereby the focus of change management will be on the outcome that will emanate from change. The new arrangement need to be clearly understood, where the change process usually apply mainly to structural or task change which can either be transformational or incremental (John & Suzy). From Cao and McHugh (2005), Organization change is often stimulated by external factor, which often lead to loss of market opportunity and dramatic increase in services. Organization undertake technical, structural and strategic shift. Thus organization evolve to different level in their life cycle e.g. an organization can change from being reactive organization to a more proactive and stable organization (U.S. Congress, 1990). Key changes in D2 firm include those presented by com peting firm, world economic crises’, increased competition from well-developed firm, competition from international market. In responding to these changes D2 need to change and improve the product and the way they channel those product to the market. It is not only D2 that is facing substantial change, many similar firm are facing similar changes where global competition and technology innovation are transforming the expectation of involved work force (Byeon, 2005). D2 to mange within the emerging environment need to adapt and adaption mean change, it is a fact that we can replicate yesterday practice and expect to achieve the success we had in the past , reality is that yesterday assumption and practices are no longer valid and may no longer work for today thus , if a firm is to maintain competitive advantage , and deliver strategic objectives. Attract and retain base customer, a firm need to respond to respond to new circumstances in a very proactive, measured and in an agi le manner (Brown & Eisenhardt, 1998). It can be inferred from Boulding (1956), that a comprehensive management change strategies should lead to the desired objectives in a way that create sense that enable sustainable and measurable improvement in a way that build capability of responding in the future. Organization face strong resistance to change, this mainly because people often have fear of unknown ( Beeson & Davis, 2000), while many people think things are fine the way they are and don’t understand the immediate need of change, hence recognizing the need of change and acting on it can proof to be difficult decision for managers and leaders to implement (U.S. Congress, 1990). Change require proper management of people confusion and anxiety, (Bausch, 2002) on the other hand management of people excitement over the change and engagement, this are major emotion that most managers find difficulty in handling (Ashmos & Huber, 1987). Management of change process play fundamenta l role in the success of change oriented project (McKenna & Mitchell, 2007). Many people are often inherently cynical about change, and conflicting goals during change process often set drawback to organization change (Alter, 2007). Resistance is often seen as natural defense mechanism for those who are at the verge of losing something (Tsoukas, Haridimos & Robert ,2002), hence reason for resisting change are so varied, they can include loss of security, money