The Island of Dr. Moreau :: essays research papers

The Island of Dr Moreau, by H.G. Wells, isn't a standard sci-fi novel. It doesn't manage outsiders or anything from space, however with natural science that exists on earth. The epic was about a character, Edmund Prendick that engages with an island of experimentation. From the start, this tropical heaven appears to be ideal. Be that as it may, somewhere down in the wildernesses lies an unnerving mystery. Moreau and Montgomery have been performing logical exploration on individuals and the test turns out badly. They have disregarded the most key law of the wilderness: natural selection. The specialist is trying to make creatures half human by methods for vivisectional medical procedure; the transplantation of organs, and the agony included is strikingly depicted. Specialist Moreau prevails with regards to making a portion of his man-creatures talk and even read, yet they will in general return to the monster. So Moreau keeps on attempting to get the whole creature out, and make his v ery own animal. His animals, which keep on going to their end, at that point slaughter Moreau lastly incredible. At the point when the H.M.S. Scorpion visits the island, there is nothing alive there with the exception of a couple "white moths, a few hoards and bunnies and some somewhat impossible to miss rats." The topic of this novel is that science investigations can go excessively far, in light of the fact that the animals produced using the experimentation conflict with their makers. These animals, known as Beast Men, were mixes of creatures, similar to a wolf joined with a person, and these researchers went through their whole time on earth dedicated to these "experiments." However, at one point in the novel, a contention emerges from the animals and disarray starts. At the point when the contention at last stops, there is just one genuine human standing.      H.G. Wells was conceived on September 21, 1866 in Bromley, Kent a suburb of London. His dad, Joseph Wells, and his mom, Sarah, were hitched in 1853 and they had four youngsters. A senior sister, Fanny, kicked the bucket at the age of 9 two years before H.G. was conceived. After he was conceived, his family was stressed that he may likewise bite the dust like his sister Fanny, being that he was kind of a â€Å"weakling† and attempted to be sound the vast majority of his life. Wells was apprenticed like his siblings to a draper, going through the years somewhere in the range of 1880 and 1883 in Windsor and Southsea as a drapeist. In 1883 Wells turned into an instructor/student at Midhurst Grammar School.

GOSSIP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tattle - Essay Example For Dunbar (2004), gossip’s work is to get rid of corrupt people which, thusly, encourages the species to engender. These two speculations are analyzed top to bottom underneath. The primary hypothesis that will be analyzed is one advanced by Wert and Salovey in their article â€Å"A Social Comparison Account of Gossip† (Wert and Salovey, 2004). Wert and Salovey express that tattle has a capacity in social correlation hypothesis, which expresses that we, as individuals, have a need to contrast ourselves with others, in light of the fact that, by doing this, we are assessing ourselves by real, target models (Wert and Salovey, 2004, p. 123). Wert and Salovey’s hypothesis is useful to comprehend why individuals tattle in a contrary manner, in spite of the way that such tattle may reverse discharge on the gossiper in light of the fact that the individuals hearing the tattle may feel compromised in light of the fact that the gossiper presumably adversely discusses the listener similarly (Kurland and Pelled, 2000, p. 429). The six sorts of this sort of social correlation, and how tattle works in each, are characterized underneath. The main sort of examination inspected is the correlation with comparative others. Tattle serves a capacity is this sort of correlation, since people are attempting to make sense of how to carry on and act, and how not to act and act, by contrasting themselves with these comparative friends. ... This sort of correlation is tried to cause individuals to feel better about themselves †as in suspecting â€Å"my life isn’t incredible, yet take a gander at that individual †my life positively could get worse† (Wert and Salovey, 2004, p. 125). Tattling fills a need in this sort of correlation, since it gives an approach to in a roundabout way contrast oneself with other people who are less lucky or less gifted then oneself, and this bolster’s one’s confidence (Wert and Salovey, 2004, p. 125). The third sort of social examination is the upward social correlation, where one thinks about oneself to others higher on the notorious chain of command. One of the elements of this sort of tattle is to tear down the affluent individual in the event that one doesn't get an opportunity to achieve the riches for oneself, and this can result from a sentiment of foul play, in that the individual doesn't â€Å"deserve† their wealth(Wert and Salovey, 2004, p. 127). The fourth kind is in-gathering and out-bunch correlations. This is an exemplary â€Å"them v. us† correlation. For this situation, tattle effectively makes the out-bunch appear to be negative, so as to support the in-gathering, and the individuals’ feeling of character that originates from having a place with the in-gathering (Wert and Salovey, 2004, pp. 127-128). It likewise sets up who is and who isn't a piece of the gathering, just as building up the standards for the in-gathering (Wert and Salovey, 2004, p. 128). Baumeister et al., (2004) alludes to this as tattle as social learning, in that individuals in a given culture may become familiar with their own way of life by relating the triumphs and disappointments of others, both inside and without that culture (Baumeister et al, 2004, p. 120). Identified with in-gathering and out-bunch correlations is the fifth kind of social examination, which is built social examinations, in which an

Volcanoes and Tsunamis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Volcanoes and Tsunamis - Assignment Example Volcanic emission makes different landforms, for example, levels, volcanic mountains and molten rocks. The volcanic debris causes genuine air difficulties including corrosive downpour and vision blockage influencing the flight business. Levels, mountains, and volcanic debris are highlights that happen during ejection. Mountains and debris happen when magma is expelled at high weight while levels happen when liquid magma streams under low tension and spreads a wide territory. The ejection of the Yellowstone Volcano makes a genuine test for Tri-state particularly in light of the fact that it will upset vehicle and may prompt death toll in view of the hurled Lava. The state must be set up for any inevitability since dynamic wells of lava might be activated by slipping separation points. Groundwork for inevitability incorporates framework checking for changes in the general public. A quake in the ocean causes enormous water uprooting which thusly quickens towards the shores. The volume of water dislodged causes genuine test in light of the fact that as it voyages it increases monstrous rates which crush everything along its way. The decrease of ocean profundity as the wave arrives at the shore makes the water to acquire increasing speed since it is compelled to travel upwards. The limitation of ocean profundity and weight of the water builds the speeding up and subsequently expands t capacity of the torrent to annihilate everything along its way. Beach front vegetation diminishes the effect of tidal wave by decreasing speed. Vegetation along the beach front shore will viably diminish the annihilation limit of the torrent. Ocean profundity is essential since it expands assimilation of stuns. Be that as it may, the declining profundity builds the tallness of the water in this way expanding demolition along the shores. The breakdown of the defensive dividers of japan is because of the earth developments which influenced the establishment of the dividers by making separation points which thus prompted the breakdown of the divider after effect. The aftereffect of the The post-quake tremors of the seismic tremor

Facebook Privacy Restrictions Essay Example for Free

Facebook Privacy Restrictions Essay It is disturbing how quick innovation is improving. These days, it appears having a Facebook account is an every day need or even a pattern. As per an exploration done by TIMES magazine, more than one out of four individuals who peruse the Internet have a Facebook account as well as have come back to the webpage in the previous thirty days. It is genuinely disturbing the amount Facebook has extended. â€Å"Sometime in the following not many weeks, Facebook will formally log its 500 millionth dynamic resident. † (Fletcher, 2010, TIMES, p. 6) Fletcher (2010) additionally expressed that Facebook would be the world’s third biggest nation by populace, which is 66% bigger than America, on the off chance that it were allowed firm ground. With such a high fame, an expanding number of Facebook clients had raised the issue on security †restricting what others can say about you and who can say it. I accept that everybody has the privilege to protection. In any case, with regards to sharing data on such a virtual yet advantageous media, the Internet, can protection limitations truly be accomplished that effectively and safely? What's more, will Facebook take that risk to make a significant misfortune in its business? Fallen angels are in the subtleties. The Facebook’s Terms of Use may not be as reasonable and defensive on their users’ protection exposure. As contended by Yoder in his site article â€Å"Top Ten Reasons You Should Quit Facebook†, Facebook not just urges its clients to continue refreshing by taking steps to end their records, it likewise expresses that it possesses your information. Some may contend that these terms may just be set to guard the interests of Facebook. Nonetheless, who can ensure the interests of the numerous Facebook clients? Being such a comprehensively utilized media, is it not the least sensible to audit the morals approach and begin straightening out the security settings? Then again, Facebook isn't the just one to assume the fault. The record clients may have doubtlessly disregarded the Terms of Use and essentially hopped to tap on the â€Å"I Agree† button just to begin utilizing Facebook as quickly as time permits. At the point when these clients discovered that things are not going as they had expected, they begin directing their fingers toward others and possibly ignoring their own obligations on the shortcomings. Correcting the protection settings is by all accounts the main arrangement. Nonetheless, who truly has the determination to battle for the change? What number of individuals are truly ready to surrender the most broadly utilized mingling system just to guard a correct that may set aside a significant effort to be ensured? This shows achievement of Facebook’s strategy †permitting a channel for passionate ventures of its clients and making a social move, making the open progressively acclimated with transparency. The examination done by TIMES magazine established that more than 70% of current Facebook clients communicated negative emotions when asked how life would resemble without Facebook. This might be credited to Facebook’s improvement of an equation for the exact number of aha! minutes a client must have before the person is snared, detailed from a meeting with the CEO (Fletcher, 2010, TIMES, p. 19). On the off chance that the clients leave Facebook, they may get the God help us! second in which they discover how much social updates they had missed. Facebook had been so fruitful in making itself irreplaceable. Who might truly need to lose the association? Some may have attempted to evacuate their records. Be that as it may, Yoder (2010) uncovered that it is hard to truly erase your record. Facebook will just deactivate your record however you will in any case be spammed by Facebook. Facebook isn't generally stressed over losing its clients in view of the hubbub on protection control on its site. Comparative dissent had been shown before, for example, the default settings of news channels on the site which permits the activity of a client to be distributed on the social update mass of their companions. Presently, it appears to be senseless to challenge news sources. Despite the fact that the idea of the two episodes are not all things considered comparable, Facebook has so little to stress over as it is as yet working inside the limitations set by the law. It is a disappointing issue to characterize the appropriate degree of limitation on security for information exposure on the Internet. Insurance is certainly fundamental. Notwithstanding, with regards to security on such a virtual ground, it appears the one in particular who can ensure you is yourself.

Effective Managing Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Viable Managing Systems - Essay Example Therefore, when the exercises are now set to be done, the circumstance is basically constrained by the individuals who recognize what is happening. Different officials become forgotten about noticeable all around and the circumstance gets intense for them as they go about as if they comprehend what's going on when really they don't. The strain between the officials themselves loosens up to the individuals from the association pulling down the solidarity of each group and cuts down their exercises to almost zero results. The representative edge accentuates the idea of culture as a focal job in administration. Pioneers should realize they should work all the while on staff needs and abilities, on objectives and jobs and the elements of political force and strife. However, there is something that works past all these, an immaterial indication that mirrors the ethos or atmosphere of the college. In Bolman and Deal's (2003) terms, what is most significant isn't what occurs however what it implies. In SCG and BSA's case, this edge is depicted by the relational relationship that the officials have towards different individuals and towards themselves too. This specific acclaim of initiative helps the pioneers recompose themselves for the entire association's advantage. The truth of the matter is this is the most straightforward issue that should be managed in Bryant University. In the mean time, the basic casing underlines the significance of formal jobs and connections. Structures-regularly delineated by methods for hierarchical graphs are made to fit an association's situation and innovation (Bolman and Deal). The attention is on authoritative heading and objectives, jobs, strategies, methodology and co-appointment and arranging. The auxiliary procedures in the school give the medium by which explanation of course, jobs and documentation of arrangements and techniques can be conveyed and embraced and, in this manner, is a methods by which the vision of the association is tried. In the Senior Class Gift Case, the basic systems for authoritative arranging are made to show the course, jobs, approaches and methodology. The SCG is composed and deliberately oversaw through a procedure of coordinated effort, wherein objective setting, strategy making, arranging, planning, executing and assessing are incorporated. Be that as it may, the outcome appeared to prompt unsystematic, divided procedures which have caused dissatisfaction and ineffectualness when managing different associations in Bryant. To have the option to see intently on the issue's answer, this case examination paper will utilize the HR Frames and The Political Frame to have the option to perceive what different reasons are there for the disappointments of the two significant associations being talked about. The treatment to the issue will be founded on Bolman and Deal's (2003) Reorganization of key ideas typified in administration hypothesis into the various classifications of auxiliary courses of action of associations. For sure, it is accepted by the creator of this paper one of the key answers for this specific issue is to look at the abilities of the

7 Serious Social Media Mistakes that Brands Still Make

Social media marketing has immense potential for helping you attract brand awareness, website traffic, and even new customers. Even so, many brands remain skeptical of marketing on social media, because they've been unable to achieve their goals with it. Is your brand present on social media? Grab a copy of our free eBook: How to adapt your brand to social media The underlying issue could lie with any one of a host of decisions responsible for social media success, such as content, timing or campaign implementation. To give your brand the best chance at success, here are 7 social media mistakes to avoid. 1. Paying for poor shortcuts Many marketers fall prey to the game of vanity numbers—a game that's hard to recover from once it's started. Remember: the size of your following doesn't matter as much as the number of real engagements on your social media pages. The focus of any social campaign should be to engage and delight your target audience. If an agency promises to quickly increase your page's likes or follows, it's likely to rely on underhanded strategies. Unfortunately, likes purchased in bulk are worthless, because they won't be from authentic fans and followers who buy from you or positively contribute to your online presence. Instead: Invest in creating great content and organically engaging your audience instead of trying to buy their interest. One great way to do this is to reach out to the experts in your niche, share content created by them, and build a rapport in the community. You could use a content curation app to source fresh, organic content that's related to your niche, and then drive engagement with it. (Full disclosure: I work with DrumUp.) 2. Outsourcing without context Brands who outsource their social media marketing usually do so because they believe it's less expensive and time-consuming than building an in-house team. But is it? You must totally, fully, completely trust the agency you choose to represent you online. Because if you don't, and your decision backfires, it could be a disastrous mistake. Even when you're working with a reputable agency that isn't likely to make such a mistake, there's always a risk of being misrepresented, failing to capture your brand's essence, or misunderstanding your expectations. Instead: Communicate your brand's vision, feel and personality. Set firm, clear goals and guidelines. Establish an approval system. Keep the line open for communication. 3. Being overly self-promotional Being openly commercial has nearly become a faux pas in today's online marketplace. Your audience is tired of ads—as the spike in ad-blocking clearly demonstrates. Nobody wants to be sold at anymore. They want to be befriended, entertained and wooed. Instead, you should curate content and use your social media pages to establish your brand as a source of useful information and entertainment. For example, Moz both creates and curates SEO-related content, which has made them the ultimate go-to for SEO on Twitter. Takeaway: Curate entertaining or informational content that your audience will like. It doesn't always have to be created by you. Find the balance, and don't over-share your promotional content. 4. Spamming fans' feeds There's no universal posting frequency that everyone should follow. Actually, it depends on your posts' reach and impressions. Based on those statistics, you can select your frequency and time intervals for posting. You can and should share a good blog post more than once. But avoid spamming your fans' feeds with the same content over and over in a short period of time. Instead: Create variations of a post with different lead-ins, featured images, and points of focus. Consider ways to re-purpose your content and share it in different formats. Share at different time intervals on different days, so your content reaches a wider audience and has a lower risk of showing up in the same fan's feed. 5. Ignoring fan feedback Studies show that 72% of customers expect a response within an hour when they post complaints on brand pages. When they don't get one, they're likely to think negatively about the brand. How you handle negative feedback and the time you take to respond both matter. People are very likely to head to social media to post feedback, ask questions and complain, because it's accessible and easy to do. That's why many brands invest in full-time social media listeners and monitoring tools to help them maintain their brand's reputation. Takeaway: Never ignore fans on social. Acknowledge how they feel, and do your best to diffuse negative situations quickly. There are several social features like emoticons, GIFs and live video streaming that you can use to make followers feel like they're being heard by other human beings. 6. Operating sans-analytics Operating without analytics is like speaking without listening. [Click to tweet ] Without analytics, there's no way to know how your content is being received and whether it's helping you move toward any goals. Every interaction on social media is feedback that you should consider when reviewing and refining your social media strategy. It's also wise to track the flow of traffic, so you can learn which social platform is best for your brand. Instead of flying blind: Measure important metrics like referrals, reach, impressions, engagement, leads, conversions, follower growth rate and mentions. Review your performance regularly, and take remedial measures to increase traction. A/B test your most important posts to optimize conversions. 7. Not being human Humans are irrational and emotional beings, and this affects our decisions and how we feel about other people, situations, and even brands. If you aren't displaying your human side on social, you're throwing away the ability to build lasting connections with your target audience. Many brands invest in experienced marketing managers who specialize in building brand personalities and ensuring that they're expressed through various channels. Takeaway: Assign your brand a human personality that you can 'be' on social media. For instance, Old Spice sounds like a confident man with sophisticated, slightly dry humor. Another great idea is to put the spotlight on team members and customers who make your brand special. By taking care to avoid these mistakes, you'll give your brand a leg up in the social media scene. Take a look at your social channels today and seize new opportunities to make an impact. Ready to drive more leads and engagement with social media? Grab a copy of our free eBook: How to adapt your brand to social media

Essay example on global warming

Report of Survey on Global Warming Introduction: The modern society is facing a lot of problems related to environment. Be it the pollution due to industrial gases being released in the ocean water, or harmful gases released into the air we breathe, troubles are never ending. Where does it all lead to? A major catastrophe facing us today is the global warming. Look at the events that shook us in the past few years – heat, fire, storm, and flood, all this is like Mother Earth is warning us about something. These extreme weather conditions, which used to occur once or twice in a decade, are happening more frequently, due to global warming. Causes of global warming are plenty. But, before going into the causes, let me share the experience with the survey conducted on the questions given, and look at what people think of global warming. What is global warming? Earth is a planet, which allows life on it because of the balance it allows. Not too cold in winter, and not too hot in summer, (as against its neighbouring planets Venus, the hot planet or Mars the colder one) Earth offers a plethora of wonderful things, like water, air, sufficient space, etc. With the increase in pollutants, man- made chemicals and automobile exhausts, etc., certain equilibrium is shifting. While a certain degree of rise per year is normal, for the past 30 years, the average temperature has increased alarmingly, with 2012 offering one of the hottest years in a century. Since, biologically, human being or animal adapt slowly to the surroundings, this sudden change in temperature might be harmful to them and other living things on earth. While a change occurring naturally is uncontrollable, like a Tsunami coming up after earth quake, or the earth quake itself, global warming is controllable. This is because; majority of the reason for global warming is man-made. It is predicted that the global surface temperature has increased by at least one Fahrenheit from 1800s, which is quite alarming. There are many environmental agencies, working on this global warming and finding solutions that are going to control global warming. Survey Report: Since everyone knows about global warming and its impacts, selecting a particular city, was not very difficult. Increase in heat wave in summers, is a regular occurs in our city. So, the survey was conducted here, and people were selected at a random. The place picked out was a park nearby, and on people who love the peace and quiet the greenery would give them. While a person visiting a pub or a night club might not be very concerned about global warming, at that moment, people moving around a park was a better selection for the environmental survey. Most of the people were very happy to take the survey, and on an average, the age group which was happy to take the survey was from 30 to 50. Many people, when asked about the global warming, were happy to talk about it. According to the survey, most of them agreed upon one fact that global warming or the increase in average temperature has resulted because of pollution. Though the survey may not be correct scientifically (because many people do not the exact terms used), many people have spoken about global warming with clarity. They believe that with the increase in population and globalization, things are moving up so fast for the environment around us to assimilate, causing various changes. Coming up to the questions about what are the causes of global warming, many of them felt that setting up too many industries, and with them releasing so much smoke is causing global warming. Scientifically, though it is supposed that the carbon compounds are causing global warming, a scientific reason is that the pollutants in the air form a layer in the atmosphere, not allowing the heat reflected back from the earth’s surface to go back into space. The heat is trapped between the gas surface and the earth (surface), and these heats up the earth. Since gases dissipate, sometimes, the atmosphere is not too full of them, say, like in forests or remote areas, where it is cooler than cities because of less pollution. This shows that the automobile exhausts are the main cause for global warming. (Firor, John, 1990) When shared with this view, many of them agree that the pollution from automobiles have caused global warming. Since we relate saving environment to recycling things, to avoid digging into nature’s resources further, this question about recycling was used. Surprisingly, quite a number of people have said more than twice a week, proving that people are becoming more conscious towards the environment. When asked about if they can live to see the worsening of global warming, in spite of the age group (middle age) people feel they might not be here to see the worsening of situation. Selecting an age group from 30 to 50 was not a conscious decision, though it has been very useful. The reason behind this is that, when a student from a school is asked about it, he might be conscious about environment, but would not be too willing to take a few minutes to attend a survey and participate in debates pertaining to environment. At the same time, a person reaching the age of 30 and above, would have dealt with a lot of things in his life, and develop a conscious thought towards his surroundings. There are many impacts of global warming. Some of these impacts can be seen and realized very well, like rising sea level, increase in temperature in summer, melting of Antarctic ice, etc. and some impacts are not felt so strongly, but will be seen in time. When asked about what they feel about the impacts, the answer mostly was generalized versions, like sea level is increasing or about how ice is melting in down south. (Gray, William, 2000) Some of the questions about the country they feel is most polluting or whether the global warming is becoming worse proved to be too technical. Though people have tried to answer the question regarding the country, they were not very correct or technical while selecting a particular country. A park is a very relaxing place. People with time in hand, or with the purpose of exercising or reducing their stress, come here. This proved to be a good place to survey, because, people are in a relaxed mood. A surprising event which was both exciting and amusing was how an impromptu debate happened as to the major causes of global warming and the people responsible for it. The debate lasted for quite a long time and more people joined in and had opinions to convey. It was a learning experience too, because, with so many people around, you tend to learn things from others which you have not heard about. It was a good feeling that the survey had helped people to come out and discuss an issue, which is common to them all. Though talking about environment or worrying about how a solution is brought about happens all the time in the media, print and all others, discussing it in a sudden debate was fun. (Conway, Dennis, 2005) Solutions to such global problems cannot be sought after in one day. Each drop makes an ocean. So, each step taken towards saving the environment, be it sending an email in the place of using paper to convey information to a crowd, or recycling an old bicycle, would go a long way towards minimizing global warming. We can only minimize pollution or global warming. Stopping such a major calamity altogether, will take another century of good and clean living. There are certain aspects, one cannot avoid in today’s world. There are some points discussed through the debate that happened during the survey, and also some from the internet, which can be discussed to get a clear picture. (Buddy, M.I., 1982) A chemical, called as CFC or chloro fluoro carbons was used as a refrigerant in refrigerators. Because of the excessive damage caused by the gas on global warming (as a greenhouse gas), this chemical is banned totally. When none knows that taking a poison, either a fast one or a slow one, is going to destroy then, one stop taking it. This was a similar step towards the better environment. Many such steps would lead us finally to our goal. One thing is certain. Automobiles cannot be banished from earth, and we cannot revert back to driving bullock carts or bicycles to reach places. We need our automobiles, speed trains, aeroplanes, which we invented quite painstakingly. So, to find a mid-way – to protect environment, as well as to take care of our needs, a mid-way solution is necessary. That is where the environmentalists and chemists come in. Fuel used in automobiles is dug from earth’s surface. Though earth’s surface provides a lot of treasures as nay mother would, there is some limitation to it. Already it is feared that the fuel resource is depleting and we might end up without gasoline in a few years. When mankind can invent so many things, he or she can also invent an alternate fuel which will not pollute the environment, as gasoline is doing, and which will also not deprive the mother earth of its resources. This would be a perfect solution for clean earth, and in long run, an earth free of global warming. Conclusion: A survey often ends up with people ticking up forms and not interested in what they are really replying to. This survey though, was very interesting, because, it is a topic widely discussed worldwide and is a concern for everyone living on earth’s surface. Either you belong to China or USA, you would face the same natural disaster like global warming, may be the time frame would be different. Because of the topic, and the place selected, the survey was very much a success, and also enlightening. References: Budyko, M.I. The Earth’s Climate: Past and Future. Academic Press. 1982. Conway, Dennis. Global Change: How Vulnerable are North and South Communities? 1995. Indiana Center on Global Change and World Peace. Duplessy, J. Variability of Earth’s Climate. Commission of the European Communities. 1990. Firor, John. The Changing Atmosphere: A Global Challenge. Yale University Press. 1990. Government of Canada. Global Warming-is it occurring. 1997. Gray, William Get Off Warming Bandwagon, BBC News Online, November 16, 2000.

World War 1 - America - PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 32 Words: 9728 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.1 Introduction: When World War1 broke out in 1914, it ended almost 100 years of relative peace in Europe. America at that time adopted a policy of neutrality and isolation regarding war. This approach was fully supported by the people of America at that time but later, in 1917 the German submarines entered the US marine territories against which the US government finally had to break the ice. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "World War 1 America PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder" essay for you Create order So, as a reaction to German invasion America finally launched a counter attack and consequently the whole nation plunged into the great World War1. Unaware of the consequences America unwillingly had to participate in the greatest holocaust of the world known as the World War1. America would never have become a part of World War1 and have stuck to its neutral policy but the German submarines defied the US marine laws and entered the US territories on January 9th, 1917. Woodrow Wilson the US president at that time finally asked congress to declare war on Germany and it was April 2nd, 1917. As a result of this legitimate order America joined the war along with the other Allies. On the other hand the continent of Europe was under the attack of war where World War1 rose like a wall of blood red mountains. Despite having massive military and great weapons war killed ten million Europeans, most of them were young soldiers, nurses and subjects and all became the victims of ultimate death brought by heavy war weapons, flying jets and bullets swimming in the air. It was deaths command everywhere and when death comes to its empire it kills all what it finds. Similar was the situation in America where men, women and children all were on the mercy of a single bullet. Four million American soldiers were killed in war and almost equal number of civilians got killed and injured men, women and children left homeless due to the great wreckage all around with the spread of epidemic disease that resulted in the cause of further deaths of many civilians. It was a chaotic situation after the war ended in 1919. People were completely disillusioned and stunned by the aftermaths of the World War1. They were hopeless and unaware of their futures. The basic matrix of life was completely dissolved by the cruel war and human civilization became a victim of demolition. People lost their faith in basic norms and values of life as war took away with it their hopes, happiness and loved ones too. They seemed completely lost with having no basic aim behind being alive. Young men and women of America started living like herds of sheep and were spending life just for the sake of killing time. Eventually the war ended but it left behind its impact on the mind of masses and its terror got stored into the minds of the post-war generations. People became mentally sick and even after the war was over they felt its aftershocks later on in their lives. World War1 was the greatest trauma of the lives of a great number of Americans who survived the brutal attack of the war. The post-war American race became a victim of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and other mental disorders which were the result of the shocks given by the World War1. PTSD is a severe kind of state of mind after a great shock or accident that leads a human being to become a patient of insomnia and several other mental retardations. Almost each community and every class in Americas post-war society became a victim of PTSD which became a cause of disbelief and disgracing of the traditional life style on part of American generation. Watching all the above mentioned events and incidents in the midst of the battle fields and among the victims of the World War1 was present Ernest Hemingway, an American Red Cross ambulance driver who witnessed and used all these war events and post-war condition of the society as a backdrop of his literary works. Hemingway represented the American society and a post-war perturbed American generation which is known as the Lost Generation of America. Hemingway being a spokesman of the lost generation, masterly managed to give a unique account of events and incidents that took place in the war and changed the lives of millions of Americans. Hemingways main concern was the American society and its members who were suffering from a post-war disturbed psychological state of mind. Aiken (1926) writes in his essay as edited by Meyers (1982) as follows: The half dozen characters, all of whom belong to the curious and sad little world of disillusioned and aimless expatriates who make what home they can in the cafes of Paris, are seen perfectly and unsentimentally by Mr. Hemingway and are put before us with a maximum of economy 1. (90) As we know wars have always been a cause of destruction, devastation and demolition on a great scale since the descent of mankind on earth. There is no doubt that wars shatter the matrix of human civilization and bring forth despair, death and disease for mankind. Surpassing all the previous wars, the great World-Wars dismantled the hopes, dreams and races on a large scale and nations falling victims of disillusionment, aimlessness and mental stress and physical disorders. One of the greatest diseases that damage the brain after a war is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, a severe state of human mind after a shock or a trauma. Durand and Barlow (2000) comment on PTSD as follows: In recent years we have heard a great deal about the severe and long-lasting emotional disorders that can occur after a variety of traumatic events. Perhaps the most impressive traumatic event is war, but emotional disorders also occur after physical assault (particularly rape), car accidents, natural catastrophes, or the sudden death of a loved one. The emotional disorder that follows a trauma is known as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 2. (131) Then I. Sarason and Sarason (2006) in their book on Abnormal Psychology comment: PTSD involves an extreme experience, such as war, a natural catastrophe (for instance an earthquake), a physical assault, or a serious car crash. The traumas range from those that are directly experienced (e.g., being threatened with death) to those that are witnessed (e.g., family member being threatened with death). The onset of the clinical condition in posttraumatic disorders varies from soon after the trauma to long after it has occurred. Most studies have found higher rates among women than men. The prevalence of PTSD in the general population is about 0.5% in men and 1.2% in women (Andreasen and Black, 2001). Because life today is considered to be high in trauma for the population in general, it is estimated that Americans currently have a 5 to 10% chance of developing PTSD at sometime during their lifetimes. The combination of vulnerability factors and exposures earlier in life to traumatic experiences increases the likelihood of PTSD. For instance, having been abused as a ch ild or have had other previous traumatic experiences increases the risk for PTSD, especially for individuals who generally have emotional difficulties, such as anxiety and depression 3. (256) Now keeping in mind the American society which is the sole area of our research, we found the reason behind PTSD in American society and the characters introduced to us by Ernest Hemingway in his works. And that reason was the First World War and its aftermath. The lives of millions of people were badly influenced by World War I in America and in Europe as well. The great holocaust changed the whole concept of life by destroying the basic norms and traditional beliefs in all parts of the world. Priestley (1962) comments on World War I as follows: In the very middle of this age the First World War rises like a wall of blood-red mountains. Its frenzied butchery, indefensible even on a military basis, killed at least ten million Europeans, mostly young and free from obvious physical defects. After being dressed in uniform, fed and drilled, cheered and cried over before they were packed into their cattle-trunks, these ten million were then filled with hot lead, ripped apart by shell splinters, blown to bits, bayoneted in the belly, choked with poison gas, suffocated in mud, trampled to death or drowned, buried in collapsing dugouts, dropped out of burning aero planes, or allowed to die of diseases, after rotting to long in trenches that they shared with syphilitic rats and typhus-infested lice. Death, having come into his empire, demands the best, and got it 4. (321) Almost all the works of Ernest Hemingway are a result of his first-hand experience of war and his staunch observation of life around him. Most of his works prove to be autobiographical in nature and Cooperman (1964) comments on autobiographical nature of Hemingways works as follows: Three elements in Hemingways life shaped many of his attitudes, and indeed shaped much of his works: the fact that in World War I, he suffered a painful and terrible mortar wound, which made him conscious of the dread possibilities of the loss of manhood; the fact that his father committed suicide; and the fact of his growing old and the fears created by old age itself. Similar to Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms, Jake Barnes in The Sun Also Rises, and Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway was afflicted with the fear of letting go and the fear of thinking. The nightmare of chaos, of passivity, loss of will, loss of initiative, loss of masculine role was a terrible nightmare, and one to be avoided at all costs 5. (85-92) It has already been observed that all the Hemingway fiction comes from his war experiences and the aftermath of the war. Many critics have commented on this experience-based technique of Ernest Hemingway. According to Putnam (2006), Tobias Wolff at the Hemingway centennial celebration said, Hemingways great war work deals with aftermath. It deals with what happens to the soul in war and how people deal with that afterward. Putnam (2006) further comments: No American writer is more associated with writing about war in the early 20th century than Ernest Hemingway. He experienced it firsthand, wrote dispatches from innumerable frontlines, and used war as a backdrop for many of his most memorable works 6. Ernest Hemingway is best known as the representative of the Lost Generation of America. He as an artist and writer of literature selected characters from the post-war American society as he was himself a member of that society and he observed it staunchly. Most of his works are based on his personal experience of the society and that is why he is often himself present in his novels as a leading character. Asselineau (1980) comments on Hemingways fiction as follows: It was indeed a lost generation in more senses than one. Yet, Hemingway among others survived the Great War for over forty years and, after appearing as the cynical and disillusioned Byron of twentieth century, ultimately turned into a new teacher of athletes and a professeur d energie a la Barres. A rather surprising change and a very spectacular recovery, which we can follow step by step in his works, since his novels make up an interminable Bildungsroman whose hero is always himself 7. While going through the works of Ernest Hemingway one realizes that Hemingway has very skillfully managed to present before us a group of expatriates who had left their homeland America after getting disillusioned by the war and were living as useless people in different parts of Europe under a special code of life. Asselineau (1980) comments as follows: All the veterans of foreign wars who appeared in Hemingways fiction are united by a common belief in an unwritten code. They are morally and physically very tough. They can take it. They keep a stiff upper lip. They grin and bear it. They refuse to discuss their own emotion and despise loquacious swaggerers like Robert Cohn. They hate gushing. They believe in self control and self imposed discipline. They have reached true wisdom in the etymological meaning of the word wisdom. They are those who know- who know that they are mortal and that sooner or later life ends in death. They know that man- whatever he does- will sooner or later be crushed by the hostile forces which surround him and is bound to be defeated- defeated, but not vanquished, for, like Pascal, they believe in the dignity of man, a mere reed, and the weakest that can be found on earth, but even when the universe crushes him, man is still nobler than what kills him, for he knows that he is dying, while the advantage tha t the universe has over him, the universe is unaware of it. 8 (1844) High (1986) has also commented on the lost generation as follows: Man young people the post-World War 1 period had lost their American ideals. At the same time America lost many fine young writers- like e.e. cummings and Hemingway- because they had moved to Paris. Fitz Geralds first novel, This Side of Paradise (1920), describes this new generation. They had grown up to find all gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths in man shaken. Two concerns now filled their lives: the fear of poverty and the worship of success. 9 (143) Hemingways The Sun Also Rises proves to be the best of his works and it was also his first proper novel on lost generation of America. The novel stands as a monument over which the whole drama of the lost generation of America has been carved. It was Gertrude Stein the American authoress and Hemingways mentor who for the very first time told E. Hemingway: You are all a lost generation. Hemingway was struck by the comment and used it as an epigraph and also the theme of his first novel, Fiesta (called The Sun Also Rises in US. Ousby (1979) in his essay The Lost Generation comments as follows: Today the lost Generation has come to seem an over-worked catchphrase. Used indiscriminately in its own era, the title has been claimed by successive generations of writers and applied retrospectively to earlier schools, such as the American naturalists. Yet the term remains useful in discussing the novelists of 1920s, if only because epitomizes the way they liked to see themselves. 10 (205) Ousby (1979) further explains the characteristics of the writers of lost generation in following words: Their unique and common experience was a disillusion bred by the First World War. They returned from that conflict to a society whose values seemed hollow and artificial by comparison with the harsh realities of the battle-field. Their alienation from America often took the form of exile and expatriation: Hemingway and Dos Passos spent most of their early adult lives in Europe, while Scott Fitzgerald and Thomas Wolfe were frequent visitors. It would hardly be an exaggeration to say that Paris became the extra-parliamentary centre of American culture in 1920s. It was the shrine to which most ambitious young writers of the era made their pilgrimage. 11 (206) Ousby (1979) in the same essay tells us the factors which affected the writings of the writers of lost generation in the following words: Disillusioned with society in general and America in particular, the novelists of the Lost Generation cultivated a romantic self-absorption- a deliberate retreat into private emotion. They became precocious experts in tragedy, suffering and anguish. The early novels of Hemingway and Scott Fitzgerald are peopled by sad, bitter young men who have lost all illusions at an early age; Amory Blaine of This Side of Paradise and Jake Barnes of Fiesta are the prime examples. They are haunted by war memories and by images of violence, cynical about idealism in any form, and given to only the most cryptic and laconic expressions of feeling. 12 (206) Ousby (1979) also comments on the characters introduced to us by the writers of lost generation as follows: The characters of Lost Generation novels live in restless pursuit of excitement and pleasure. Their Europe is not the gallery of cultural objects found in Hawthornes and Jamess fiction: it is a Europe of elegant restaurants, picturesque bars and intriguing local customs. They delight in kicking over the conventional traces (and in the resultant cries of middle- class horror), indulging in heavy drinking and casual sex. 13 (207) It was only Ernest Hemingway, who among the most famous writers of lost generation of America has been able to won the title of the avant-garde writer of the lost generation. His novel The Sun Also Rises was recommended all over the world as a true story featuring real people from the lost generation. This novel also made Hemingway a world-known celebrity. Nagel (1996) in his essay Brett and the Other Women in The Sun Also Rises comments: This book made him, almost instantly, an international celebrity identified with an entire generation, torn by war and grieving throughout the Roaring Twenties for their lost romantic idealism. Although he was somewhat ill-suited for the role, because he was a hard-working young writer with a wife and a son to support, he came to be regarded as the spokesman for American expatriates, those disillusioned and disaffected artists, writers, and intellectuals who spent the decade on the Left Bank in Paris. 14 (87) In his novel The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway uses Jake as a puppet, a narrator and also his famous code hero. Jake narrates the whole story which Hemingways eye saw sincerely. Nagel (1996) again in his essay Brett and the Other Women in The Sun Also Rises comments on the character of Jake Barnes as follows: He is certainly one of the most isolated and vulnerable figures in American literature, and he narrates out of his disillusionment and pain, his grief evident throughout. As he says about himself, all he wants is to figure out how he can live in the world. It would seem that telling what happened is part of the process of learning how to live in the special circumstances of his world. 15 (90) Nagel (1996) in his essay Brett and the Other Women in The Sun Also Rises comments on Jake being a representative of lost generation in following words: Hemingway humanized this dichotomy in the character of Jake Barnes by creating a man who bears the wounds of the war in a profoundly personal way yet combines his disillusionment with traditional American values of hard work and just compensation. It is surely an oversimplification to see Jake as an uncompromised representative of lost generation radicalism, for he exhibits much of the midwestern values he sometimes satirizes Above all, it is his judgment that provides the normative sensibility for assessing the people and events of the novel. But to grasp the meaning of what he relates, it is essential to understand the psychological context in which he tells it. 16 (91) Lady Ashley Brett is another important character from the lost generation. She is pure nymphomaniac sort of a woman and is a true representative of the women of the early 20th century. According to Nagel (1996), Brett is by no means the first representation of a sexually liberated, free-thinking woman in American literature but rather an embodiment of what became known as the New Woman in nineteenth-century fiction. Nagel (1996) further says: Brett is not only a women but an extraordinary woman for the age, a point not clear unless she is considered in historical context. Form this perspective, the women in The Sun Also Rises might be regarded as more interesting then the men. The role of women in society had been changing with each decade for a century, always with a good deal of social conflict and ideological struggle. 17 (92) Keeping in mind the agony of Jake due to his relation with Brett, we may easily nominate him as the most suffering person in the novel. His love with Brett makes him feel the pain of his wound which he got during the war, because he could not physically fulfill what he felt. According to Nagel (1996): From the beginning, the world is out of sexual order, the social evening is a parody of erotic potential, and the deeper irony is that this pathology is at the very heart of Jake and Bretts relationship. Their conversation in the taxi reveals the central problem of the novel: that they one another, that they feel that there is nothing they can do about it, that it is painful and destructive for them to be together. Whatever else happens is driven by this fact, and it is impossible for them to change it. The central dilemma for Jake is whether he can change the situation by finding some satisfaction in life. The problem for Brett is that she needs companionship of a man, and no one but Jake can offer her much beyond fleeting sexual pleasure. 18 (94) Jake truly deserves pity because he is the one who lost the most he had during war and even afterwards. His love with Brett gives him nothing except pain and he is also unable to sleep at night due to the agony brought by his love for Brett. Nagel (1996) comments: The loss in the lost generation is sustained primarily by him, and it makes for powerful fiction. The novel works, ultimately, because Jake, in anomalous circumstances, nevertheless presents a normative sensibility in the story he tells. He emerges as a man of intelligence, humor and good sense who lost more than he deserved in World War 1 but learned how to make a life for himself. 19 (105) According to Martin (1987): Jake Barnes and his friends- all of them- are a group because they share the same beliefs and experiences. Except for Robert Cohn, whose differences are less heinous than Jake sometimes thinks them to be, the displaced Americans and Britons are moving through a festival period in their lives, punctuating their aimless existence abroad with an organized visit to Spain for the bullfights. 20 (07) The characters introduced to us by Hemingway live under a peculiar but yet an extraordinary code of life. They behave like a community of people sharing similar set of thoughts and beliefs. Martin (1987) in her New Essays on The Sun Also Rises says: A key theme is the notion of community: These are people who understand each other, the rules they live by, and the reasons for their choices. Only someone outside that community will have difficulty with the social code. Count Mippipopolous may be a stranger to the group, but he understands the code and fits into the society. Robert Cohn, although he spends much time with the members of the group and thinks himself a special friend of both Jake and Brett, never manages to assimilate the rules. Jake, however, is clearly in charge- of the plans, the guest list, the activities, and the emotional nuance. He is the apparent hero of the novel, and his approval or disapproval sets the pattern for the other characters reaction to things. 20 (08) All the characters in the novel The Sun Also Rises seem dissatisfied and unhappy and most of the time they feel themselves useless. Martin (1987) comments on this condition of the characters in following words: There are many reasons for these characters unhappiness. To dwell on irony and pity is just a pastime; the real issues are the lack of alignment between profession and occupation, between lovers, between vacation and work, between ideals of Spain and France, between nature and the commercial. As full of disjunctures as a picture puzzle, The Sun Also Rises still presents a story whole, its fragments necessarily scattered throughout the narrative, and readers accept the fragmentation as one the marks of Hemingways truth. They seize on the purity of Pedro Romero, the wit of the bemused Mike Campbell, the taciturn acceptances of Jake Barnes, the flip bravado of Brett Ashley as the symbols of the characters who survive the onslaught of real life. 21 (16) Chapter 2 Life and Works of Ernest Hemingway 2.1 Birth and Parentage: Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois, on July 21st, 1899. His father was a doctor. He spent much of his time in his early days roaming about in the woods, rifle on his shoulders, or rowing out across the water of a large lake in quest of big fish. Although his family owned a cottage on a lake, he usually slept outside in a tent, the dim light of a kerosene lantern flickering long hours into the night over his temporary cot as he laid reading. 2.1.1 His Schooling: In June 1917, Hemingway graduated from Oak Park High School toward the bottom of his class. Meanwhile, war had broken out in Europe and, preferring fighting to college, he tried to get enlisted in the army but was rejected because of poor eyesight. Frustrated, he went away to live with an uncle in Kansas City where he found a job as a reporter in a newspaper. He liked his writing job, but he still had a compelling urge to get into the war, and the opportunity came soon afterwards. On learning that Italy was recruiting ambulance drivers to serve on the Italian front; he gave up his job and became an ambulance driver in Italy. 2.1.2 Injuries of War: Hemingway had been driving behind the lines for only a few days when he found that his work was too safe, in fact, dull. He wanted to serve on the frontlines in the thick of things. So he volunteered for canteen service and was soon riding a bicycle, handing out mail, tobacco, and chocolates to soldiers in the trenches. On his tenth day in Italy as he was handing a chocolate bar to a soldier, a large mortar shell fell near by. Hemingway was almost buried. His body was filled below the waist with over 250 pieces of shrapnel, but after regaining consciousness, he rescued a badly wounded Italian soldier and was turning to help others when he was hit again, with a machine-gun bullet, below the left knee. 2.1.3 Falls in Love with a Nurse: He spent several weeks in a Red Cross hospital and there he fell in love with an English Nurse Agnes. While in Europe, he received several medals for bravery, and then was sent home, limping on a cane. The Hemingway who went back to America was different person from the young man who had left. War, death, suffering, new people, a new language and love had all been crowded into a short period of time. 2.1.4 Disappointment in Love: While his feet and legs healed, he read a lot and impatiently watched the mail until, one day after receiving a letter, he suddenly became ill. He retired into seclusion and for days hardly left his room. Finally, on being repeatedly asked by his family, he revealed that the letter has came form Agnes informing him that she was not coming to America and that she had married an Italian army major. 2.1.5 Failure and Fame: Sad and disappointed, Hemingway went to Paris for study and to make a living by writing. There, he met and became friendly with some of the worlds greatest literary figures of that day- James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, and others. But despite their advice and help, he could not sell his literary attempts. Manuscript after manuscript kept coming back from editors, usually without a single word of encouragement, and with only a printed rejection slip. One day, he was sitting at a side walk caf on the Left Bank in Paris and complaining to a friend about his ill luck. The friend observed that perhaps the reason why Hemingways writings did not sell was that he had not suffered enough and that he did not know misery. Hemingway bitterly replied, So I have not known misery! So thats what you think! Then at first seemingly lost in memory, he narrated the story of his lost love, Agnes, the English nurse. He told his friend about the suffering he had endured in World War 1. Later, he pu t the story on paper in the form of a novel, A Farewell to Arms. The book proved to be immensely popular and Hemingway found himself famous. We could probably say that an unhappy love affair and his unhappy experiences in war were the motivating factor which made him being a great author. 2.1.6 Reporting in Spain: He went on writing and was now a successful and established writer. He traveled extensively, hunting in Africa and the Far East, fishing in numerous oceans and seas. He felt greatly attracted by bull-fighting in Spain and spent several years in that country. He covered the Spanish Civil War for American newspapers and could not resist getting into the fight in Madrid. By then, he was known as Papa, a bearded huge figure of a man who joked and swore with the best of the soldiers. 2.1.7 World War II: When World War II began, Hemingway, then living in Cuba, armed his own boat as a submarine chaser and patrolled the Atlantic Coast off the United States. But in 1942, he was in the thick of battle again as a magazine correspondent. He flew from England on bombing missions and became an expert on German rockets. Near the end of the war, he was among the first wave of troops to storm the Normandy beach in 1944. After the war, he retired to Cuba to fish and write. One book proved a failure, and his critics remarked that Papas carrier was over. 2.1.8 The Nobel Prize: Then, in 1952, after years of work, he brought out The Old Man and the Sea, a tale of the struggle of a single, old fisherman against the powers of fate and the ocean. It was the story he had been trying to write all his life, and it brought him the Pulitzer Prize for 1953. In the following year he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. Suffering from injuries in plane crashes while hunting wild game in Africa, Hemingway could not go to Sweden to receive the Nobel Prize but in a letter to the Academy he declared that the writers life was a lonely one, and that if he shed his loneliness, his work would deteriorate. Still living in Cuba, Hemingway continued writing short stories, novels, and magazine articles. But he also began to take life easier, spending more time on his fishing boat with his wife, whom he called Miss Mary. No one can work everyday in these hot months without going stale, he wrote during this period. To break up the pattern of work, we fish the Gulf Stream in t he spring and summer months and in the fall. 2.1.9 A Life of Adventure: Hemingways sixty-two years were packed with excitement. Living through adventure after adventure, he told stories of his life and love on jungles, the two World Wars in which he played a part in Europe, and a giant 1000-pound fish he battled off the Coast of Cuba. But his writing was more than just adventure stories; he helped to set the style for the modern novel. His lean, muscular prose and dramatic plots have, perhaps, been copied more than any other modern authors and his work has been translated into all the worlds major languages. 2.1.10 Ill Health and Suicide: But Hemingway was growing old. His hair and beard had turned white. His old wounds were bothering him. He had to keep standing while writing, and he was frequently unwell. Then Castro took over in Cuba, and Hemingway and Miss Mary returned to America, living in Idaho. He spent a few months in hospitals, began losing weight, and saw his creative ability declining. Early one morning on July 1961, he slipped on the stairs in his home and, not wishing to prolong his suffering, killed himself with a gun. Perhaps he had concluded, like the old fisherman in his novel, that he had no luck anymore. 2.2 His Works: Influenced by Ezra Pound and particularly by Gertrude Stein whose style strongly affected him, Hemingway published Three Stories and Ten Poems in 1923 and In Our Time (a collection of short stories) in 1925. These early stories exhibited the attitude of mind and technique for which Hemingway later became famous. As the leading spokesman for the lost generation, he expressed the feelings of war-wounded people disillusioned by the loss of faith and hope, and so thoroughly defeated by the collapse of former values that they could turn only to a stoic acceptance of primal emotions. The stories are mainly concerned with tough people, both intelligent men and women who have dropped into an exhausted cynicism or such primitives as frontiers-men, Indians, and professional athletes whose essential courage and honesty are implicitly contrasted with the brutality of civilized society. Emotion is neglected while bare happenings are recorded, and emphasis is obtained by sarcasm and spare dialogue . 2.2.1 The Torrents of Spring (1926): It is hardly ever read nowadays. At the time, however, it attracted considerable attention. It is a satirical book in which Hemingway mocks at Sherwood Anderson, Henry James, H.L. Mencken, Gertrude Stein and D.H. Lawrence. The book earned him some enemies. Anderson was hurt and puzzled to find his supposed pupil turning on him: he probably had not realized that Hemingway had never been an uncritical hero-worshipper. Gertrude Stein attacked him in her autobiography declaring that Hemingway was jealous because she and Anderson had taught him all the new about writing, about bullfighting and boxing. To this charge Hemingway subsequently replied in his novel The Green Hills of Africa in which he declared that it was a pity to see Gertrude Steins talent having been devoted to malice, nonsense, and self praise. 2.2.2 Hemingways First Great Novel: Hemingway adopted the style and attitude of his short stories into his first great novel, The Sun Also Rises 1926. This book tells about the moral collapse of a group of expatriated Americans and Englishmen broken by the war, who turned toward escape through all possible violent diversions. 2.2.3 Papas Second Great Novel: Success in fictional craftsmanship and in portraying the mind of an era was again achieved in A Farewell to Arms 1927, the tragic love story of an English nurse and an American ambulance driver during the war. 2.2.4 Some Short Stories by Hemingway: After publishing further distinguished collections of short stories, Men without Women and Winner Take Nothing, he wrote two books Death In The Afternoon 1932, a book on bullfighting, and Green Hills of Africa 1935, an account of his hunting experiences in Africa. With digressions only literary matters these books show a further cultivation of the primitive and brutal levels, contrasted with the hollow culture that had cheated Hemingways generation. 2.2.3 Hemingway on Social Issues: In To Have and Have Not 1937, Hemingway for the first time showed his interest in a possible solution of social problems through collective action. He continued this attitude in newspaper articles from Spain about the Civil War there. Then he wrote The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories 1938, in which appeared two of his finest stories: The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber and The Snows of Kilimanjaro. 2.2.4 The Longest Novel: For Whom the Bell Tolls 1944 is the longest novel by Hemingway and is based on an incident in the Spanish Civil War, has universality in its theme that the loss of liberty is loss of everything. 2.2.5 Award Wining Novel: The Old Man and The Sea written in 1952 was the last and perhaps the finest novel ever written by Ernest Hemingway. Its an allegorical novel in which man fights against nature for his luck and survival. The theme of the novel is no doubt the aim of Hemingways own life that a man can be destroyed but cannot be defeated. Chapter 3 The Lost Generation The Sun Also Rises was aimed by Hemingway at his own generation. He says so in its two epigraphs, one is from Ecclesiastes: One generation passes away and another generation comes; but the earth abides forever. The other is Gertrude Steins re-echoed judgment: You are all a lost generation. In the novel The Sun Also Rises are exhibited all the European pleasures which Hemingway and Fitzgerald were presenting. Going to bars, spending night in drinking alcohol and having fervent sexual activities was the greatest part of the lives of the generation called the lost generation by Gertrude Stein. Hemingway brings before us a group of unhappy US expatriates living in different parts of Europe. As no one in the novel The Sun Also Rises seems happy except Pedro Romero, the handsome young bullfighter and Lady Brett Ashley who adds him to her sex circle. Jake Barnes the narrator of the The Sun Also Rises is a real suffering man and the code hero of the story is emasculated by a war wound. We can say that all the characters taken as the representatives of the lost generation are desperate people. They all hide their desperation behind drinking and talking and being rude to those who do not know the code (the code of life). Throughout the novel The Sun Also Rises we see a number of young people making the rounds of the bars in Paris and resorts in Spain, talking, drinking, fishing, attending bullfights and making love. According to Gorman (1926): Through this group and through a shift of scene from the Left Bank in Paris to Pamplona in Spain during fiesta- time, Hemingway manages to achieve a vitriolic albeit manifestly impartial portrait of what might be called the over-nerved and over-sophisticated colony of expatriates in Europe. 1 The lost generation also refers to the time period from the end of the World War1 to the beginning of the Great Depression. Moreover, the term is often used for the generation of young people coming of age in the United States during and shortly after the World War1. It has been already mentioned that it was Gertrude Stein who for the very first time who named the generation that came of age during the World War 1 as the lost generation. This phrase spread quickly throughout the whole world as a trade mark of the generation of the early 20th century in America. The world adopted it as an accurate description of the age as most of them spent their adulthood in working, fighting and dying in war. They did not really get time for enjoying and making spree, as war attacked them suddenly and badly. The horrible conflict took them so suddenly they did not even realize that it has taken away their each and everything. The Great War set new standards for death and immortality in war. The war shattered all the beliefs in traditional values of love, faith and manhood. It happened directly after the war that all the illusion got vanished from the minds of the Americans. They came to realize that death is the worst in all mysteries and the greatest of all the secrets of the world, when it reveals itself. And death is the truest and the most bitter of all the truths of the life. Young men, enthusiastic soldiers and juvenile teenagers like Ernest Hemingway deliberately offered themselves for the country because of the illusion of bravery they had over their minds. They thought they were strong and were the men of war. But all their illusions washed away when most of them, in fact a large number of them killed by the first bullet which pierced their chests. It was the time when the sense of pain, anguish and prevailing death struck the fragile sheet of illusion and shattered it into innumerable fragments. It was the point where they realized that they were immortal and death is for everyone. This was the stage where weapons took lead over manhood and the power of the muscles on which the American men felt proud but nothing proved worth in war. The powerful men, enthusiastic soldiers and juvenile teenagers were all on the mercy of a single bullet. Most of them got killed and others got physically and psychologically hurt. With the loss of man power and different body organs they were no-men and thats why they have been represented by the character of an impotent Jake. Even after the war the war veterans were scared and psychologically suffering as the war memories haunted their minds constantly. And due to the sense of physically weak and being handicaps they lost their remaining interests in life which lead them to become a lost generation. Hemingway (1979) comments in Men at War as follows: When you go to war as a boy you have a great illusion of immortality. Other people get killed; not you. It can happen to other people; but not to you. Then when you are badly wounded the first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happen to you. After being severely wounded two weeks before my nineteenth birthday I had a bad time until I figured it out that nothing could happen to me that had not happened to all men before me. 2 Drinking, dancing, having sex and sleepless nights became the most important sectors of the lives of men and women of the post-war American society. They refused to follow; in fact they rebelled against the traditional concepts of social code of American life. They adapted a new code, a self-made code, n new way of living where there was no space for spiritual and religious values, no charm for married life, no respect for tradition and customs and no regard for any old pattern of life. They became morally and mentally sick. Most of the time they remained drunk and used to have fervent sex. Hemingway by writing his novel The Sun Also Rises brings before the readers the new changes that took place in the post-war new American generation which Gertrude Stein named the lost generation. First of all Hemingway with the help of his puppets Jake and Brett describes the impact of war on sex. Jake has been shown impotent by Hemingway for two reasons. First of all his impotency is the symmbol of the impotency of the men who took part in the war. The world man means more than a male figure to Hemingway. A man is a symbol of power, dignity and sexual energy. To Hemingway a man means soldiers, a fighter and a worshipper of true norms and values of life. Hemingways man is not made for defeat. But Jake is a true loser, he lost is manhood, he lost his illusions, in fact he lost everything in war and even afterwards he loses his beloved Brett. Next, Jake stands as a symbol of destructiveness of sex by war. Hemingway taunts and teaches his lost generation who has become a victim of illeg al sexual relations and is destroying the other sectors of its social life by being involved in frequent sex. Both men and women violated sex. The reason behind such frequent sex lies in the mass killing of male members of the American society during World War 1. A huge number of American women became widows as their husbands got killed or in other words sacrificed their lives for their country during war. Brett is a true example of such women as she also lost her husband in war. Brett consequently turned nymphomaniac due to starving sexual emotions and similar was the case with most of the post-war American women who due to the feelings of being insecure and man-less turned bitches like Brett does in the novel The Sun Also Rises. The sexual thirst also lead the male characters like Cohn to violate his code of ethics and he attacks Jake, Mike and Romero as well. It has also been seen that Bretts desire for sex prevents her from entering into a proper relation with Jake, although she loves him. Hence we can conclude that it is sex that undermines Cohns respect and Brett-Jake relation. Gorman (1926) comments: The structure of the book is easily outlined. It is concerned with the effect of Lady Ashley on four men: Jake Barnes, who tells the story; Robert Cohn, a young Jew; Michael Campbell, engaged to Lady Ashley, and Romero, a young bullfighter. 3 Lady Brett is the factor that is resulting in the negative consequences of sex and is also resulting in the destruction of relations and the code of life. Brett is representing the liberated women of post-war American society who did not hesitate to have sexual relations with multiple men. Brett by having multiplex sexual relations with different men bred envy and jealousy among them which always results in disaster. By portraying the character of Brett in such fashion Hemingway shows his hatred for the nymphomaniac women of his age and he is also teaching a lesson to the male members of the society by taunting the cruel and vicious women. According to Nagel (1996), Brett is by no means the first representation of a sexually liberated, free-thinking woman in American literature but rather an embodiment of what became known as the New Woman in nineteenth-century fiction. 4 The war in a true sense revealed upon the American men that what it meant to be masculine. The pre-war idea of being brave and fighting as a soldier was totally crushed by the brutal war. Survival depended just upon ones luck rather than bravery. The traditional concepts of what I meant to be a man were completely undermined by the realities of war. Jake in the novel represents the new man of post-war America. In fact he is a man apparently, but inwardly war has rendered him impotent which in other words means unmanly. He carries the burden of being impotent and feels he is less of a man than he was before war. Through this masculine insecurity of Jake, Hemingway puts before us the insecurity felt by the war veterans who felt insecure in their manhood. Hemingway doest not state this fact directly but shows it in Cohns pursuit of Brett. This behavior of Cohn is regarded unmanly by Hemingway as Brett is not a real woman but a nymphomaniac. Similarly Hemingway presents Brett a woman, wh o is manlier as compared to other male characters. She is a very liberal minded and a physically strong woman. She has a boyish haircut and she is sexually independent and does sex with any male of her choice. However, on the other hand the male characters are running after her as her pets. Another characteristic behavior of the lost generation of Hemingway shown in The Sun Also Rises is that they were anti-Semitists. Anti-Semitism is a behavior or belief hostile towards Jews. In the novel we see most of the time Robert Cohn is seen with extreme hatred by the other characters. Jake is apparently is his friend but hates him inwardly and even while narrating the story and introducing Cohn he seems unhappy and unimpressed although he knows that Cohn was a superb boxer. There are two reasons behind hating Jews on part of Americans and British people at that time. First they were Jews by religion and in Christian religious teachings it is taught to the Christian to hate the Jews. Through a Christians point of view Jews are inferior and should be abominated. Secondly, Jews were being hated due to their German background. Everyone knows that it was Germany who launched war by attacking several parts of the world specially America and England. So thats why Cohn was the center o f hatred of Americans and Britons. W.H. Auden states a similar kind of theme in his poem Say This City has Ten Million Souls. The sense of the poem is the estrangement of the immigrants which were Jews of German origin which they faced in a new country (America). The poet laments at the inhuman treatment which the immigrants met at the hands of the local people. The refugees did not enjoy any sense of respect and honor even in a country like America. The poet refers to the case of Jews who migrated to America during the war but they were not treated well by the local population. They were refused to have new passports to go back to their country. They were not given any place of shelter to live. Auden satirizes by saying that Americans have a spared place for their pets but not for us (Jews). Hemingway though he never explicitly states that Jake and his fellow men and women were a lost generation and were living an aimless life and that their aimlessness was a result of war. He implies these ideas through his portrayal of the characters emotional and psychological lives. They were no longer able to believe and rely upon the traditional American beliefs which gave meaning to life. Those men and women who experienced the war became psychologically and morally lost and like the characters of The Sun Also Rises they wandered here and there in search of happiness and rest. Their activities were drinking, traveling, and debauchery which show their aimlessness and disillusionment. They wanted to escape from their meaningless lives. But they were nevertheless helpless and unable to escape their misery as war had rendered them handicaps and impotent. In short the post-war American society served as a blinker for Ernest Hemingway through which he focused on the suffering lost generation of America. Hemingway, as he was a part of the society and a member of the lost generation, had a lot of pity for his fellow men who suffered at hands of war. He by writing an account of brutalities and impacts of war on his people exhibited the effect of war on the society and the new norms and values set after the World War 1. Hemingway realized from his own war wounds the pain felt by his fellow men. He learnt from his own restlessness and aimlessness that his generation was suffering a great deal. He shows his sincerity with his generation and his love for his traditional values of life by taunting and criticizing the follies and faults of his society. He is no less than a saint for his people because he taught them the negative consequences of war and the illusion they had on their minds. He taught them the lesson that all human beings are imm ortal and war is not the solution of everything. To conclude we may say that his preaching is based on hatred for war and love for humanity and values and norms of life. Chapter 4 Post Traumatic Stress In this chapter we will have an insight into the main cause of the disillusionment of the post-war American society. This chapter will mainly deal with the impact and effect of World War 1 on the psychology of the American people and also the psychology of Ernest Hemingway. It has already been observed that Ernest Hemingways main concern was the post-war American society and the psychological state of the suffering minds of the people. Hemingway presents before us a generation of people who were completely lost and disillusioned by the aftermath of the World War 1 and hence this generation got named the lost generation. The marked features of this generation were aimlessness, restlessness, wandering place to place in search of pleasure and going to bars for drinking and sex. Now the reason behind such activities of human beings lies in the psychological study of mind and human behavior in daily life. The first thing to keep in mind is the effects of war on human mind. The war serves as a trauma for human mind causing anxiety, fear, restlessness and lack of sleep (insomnia) to those who somehow become a part of war. The war incidents and after-war memories of those incidents cause a lot of stress over human mind making it impossible for the person victimized by the war. The similar thing happened to the Americas lost generation, because they participated in the World War 1 as soldiers, drivers and nurses. The horrific conflict made them suffer a lot during and after the war. Most of them got killed by the brutal war while others got sever injuries. But those who survived the war were no less than psycho patients. Most of the remaining members of the post-war American society felt victims to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, a mental disease caused by the Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome. PTSD is a sever kind of state of mind in which the patient suffers due to a trauma or a shock which he had in his previous life. Trauma or shock can be delivered by an accident, fight with someone, war, rape, etc. The patient suffering with PTSD shows the symptoms of insomnia (lack of sleep), excessive intake of sleeping pills, drinking alcohol, lack of confidence, etc. Now coming back to the post-war American society and keeping an eye over the characters introduced to us by Ernest Hemingway in The Sun Also Rises we see a lot of war victims, after being crushed by the war felt victims to PTSD. First of all we see the most sufferin g character in all characters that is Jake Barnes. He served his country in World War 1 and got injury in his genitals which emasculated him. Jake despite being an active and a responsible person of the society shows the symptoms of PTSD in him. He could not sleep at night and is most of the time haunted by the war memories. We see him in a very agonizing state of mind due to two main reasons. First of all he lost all he had in war as war rendered him impotent. The consequences of this impotency badly effected his love relation with Brett because he was unable to consummate his love. Although love is self-destructive force but Jakes agony is the worst because he feels sexual urge for Brett but could not fulfill it due to having no erection. All these factors make Jake a real suffering PTSD patient. Then we have Robert Cohn as a victim of PTSD. He despite having a reputation as an athlete and a boxer was suffering from lack of confidence. He is totally out casted by the society just because he is a Jew. We see him feeling himself inferior to other characters. Due to this he starts running after such women who show a little courtesy towards him. Cohn though is not much affected by war but still shows some traits of characters which put him in list of PTSD victims. Then is the character of the war-nurse Lady Ashley Brett. She is also a victim of war-trauma because she lost her husband in war. The effects of PTSD are also very harsh on her and she turns nymphomaniac. Having the feelings of loneliness and man-less she creates the character of 20th century liberated woman. She represents the new women of 20th century who were sexually independent. Brett had multiplex sex relations and she could have sex with any man of her choice. Now watching these characters from Hemingways point of view we find that all of these characters are type characters and are depiction of psychological state of mind of the PTSD suffering lost generation. Each character, whether Jake, Cohn or Brett, represents a particular group of people who suffered the trauma of war. And it is Hemingways staunch observation and his involvement in his society and the analysis of the psychological behavior of his members of society that he presents them truly before us. Hemingways works are an exhibition of his confessions and his exposure to his society. It often happens that we find him within the story walking along his characters. As a soldier in World War 1 he himself got injured and recollected the war-memories afterwards. It will not be false to say that Hemingway himself was a victim of PTSD and war memories and fears haunted him as well. His own illusions got shattered due to the brutal effects of war and war injuries and that is why he created an impotent Jake as a hero of his novel. Jake is actually Hemingway himself, whose philosophy and mentality is entirely based upon Nada that means nothing. For Hemingway man is born into a real world that is natural and has a physical shape but this world is totally indifferent towards mankind. He believes that all the forces in the universe are trying to crush man but the man is always undefeated. Hemingway believes that this is a world without purpose, order, meaning or value and there is no God li ke thing at all. Darkness to Hemingway is equal to death and this is the reason why Hemingway and his heroes are sleepless at night due to the fear of death. Light is a symbol of hope for Hemingway and his heroes and thats why they are always in search of a luminous place. Mankind according to Hemingways point of view is victim of irrational accidents like wars, death, loss and destruction of universe. To Hemingway man is born with many illusions and his belief upon God is his greatest illusion because this is a Godless universe. For Hemingway, all traditional, religious and philosophical explanations of the universe are false illusions which turn to disillusion when man is victimized by an irrational disaster or a calamity and then man finds peace and rest in activities which give him immediate pleasure (good food, drink, sex, etc). To Hemingway this universe is a place where only the fittest and the toughest can survive as the disastrous powers of universe are all the time trying to crush civilization and mankind. Hemingways aim of life and his philosophys main theme is that a man can be destroyed but can not be defeated. Similar is his point of view about the human civilization which is fighting against the powers of universe. He says that universe is always destroying the generations after generations of mankind but a man should always remain optimistic in his approach towards life. If one generation goes, then another generation comes and the earth abides forever. This is the lesson for the readers from Hemingway that despite all the calamities and the despair, one should be optimistic in his approach towards life and one should always be hopeful.

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